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Dysfunction of adenylyl cyclase (AC) is one of the candidate pathways in abnormal development of neuronal cells in the brain of NF1 patients, while its dynamic abnormalities have not been observed. Direct conversion technology can generate induced\u2010neuronal (iN) cells directly from human fibroblasts within 2\u00a0weeks. Just recently, we have revealed that forskolin, an AC activator, rescues the gene expression pattern of iN cells derived from NF1 patients (NF1\u2010iN cells). In this microreport, we show the dynamic effect of forskolin on NF1\u2010iN cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>iN cells derived from healthy control (HC\u2010iN cells) and NF1\u2010iN cells were treated with forskolin (final concentration 10 \u03bcM), respectively. Morphological changes of iN cells were captured by inverted microscope with CCD camera every 2\u00a0minutes for 90\u00a0minutes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior to forskolin treatment, neuron\u2010like spherical\u2010form cells were observed in HC\u2010iN cells, but most NF1\u2010iN cells were not spherical\u2010form but flatform. Only 20\u00a0minutes after forskolin treatment, the morphology of the iN cells were dramatically changed from flatform to spherical form, especially in NF1\u2010iN cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present pilot data indicate that forskolin or AC activators may have therapeutic effects on the growth of neuronal cells in NF1 patients. Further translational research should be conducted to validate our pilot findings for future drug development of ASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T07:58:20Z","timestamp":1602316700000},"page":"396-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Forskolin rapidly enhances neuron\u2010like morphological change of directly induced\u2010neuronal cells from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Sagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin\u2010ichi","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology 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