{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:30:42Z","timestamp":1790742642090,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17dm0107100h0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17dm0107100h0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to examine the gut permeability in patients with schizophrenia and its relevance to schizophrenia symptoms, medication, cognitive functions, and blood immune markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We selected 22 patients with schizophrenia (mean age: 37.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.5\u00a0years) comprising 9 men and 13 women. Furthermore, we included 86 healthy controls (mean age: 43.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.0\u00a0years) comprising 41 men and 45 women. All participants were biologically unrelated and of Japanese descent. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) to measure the severity of schizophrenia symptoms and cognitive functions, respectively. The lactulose\u2010mannitol loading test was used to measure the permeability of the small intestine. Furthermore, we used the lactulose to mannitol ratio (LMR) as an index of gut permeability. We measured the C\u2010reactive protein and natural killer (NK) cell activity in the blood as highly sensitive immune markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The patients had a significantly higher rate of \u201cleaky gut\u201d (defined as LMR\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.1) compared to the control group (22.7% vs. 5.8%, odds ratio: 4.8 [95% confidence interval, 1.2\u201018.3], Fisher's exact test,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03). There was no significant correlation between the LMR and PANSS scores or in the daily antipsychotic dose. In addition, the LMR was negatively correlated with the total\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score of the BACS and NK cell activity in the patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest a higher rate of abnormally increased gut permeability in patients with schizophrenia than in controls. Moreover, gut permeability may be related to the cognitive and cellular immunity function of patients with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T02:38:37Z","timestamp":1643164717000},"page":"70-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Gut permeability and its clinical relevance in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7856-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikki","family":"Ishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Doctoral Course Division of Medicine and Engineering Sciences Human Environmental and Medical Engineering University of Yamanashi  Chuo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Mental Disorder Research National Institute of Neuroscience National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Teikyo University School of Medicine  Itabashi\u2010ku Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorder Research National Institute of Neuroscience National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology National Institute of Neuroscience National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiko","family":"Aizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Disorder Research National Institute of Neuroscience National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sendai Shirayuri Women\u2019s College  Sendi 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