{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:57:15Z","timestamp":1773881835537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CD17\/00125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD17\/00125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although alcohol use disorder is a complex human pathology, the use of animal models represents an opportunity to study some aspects of this pathology. One of the most used paradigms to study the voluntary alcohol consumption in rodents is operant self\u2010administration (OSA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to facilitate the performance of this paradigm, we aim to describe some critical steps of OSA under a saccharin\u2010fading procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material &amp; Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used 40 male Wistar rats to study the process of acquiring the operant response through a saccharin\u2010fading procedure under a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. Next, we analyze the alcohol introduction and concentration increase, the effect of an alcohol deprivation, and the analogy between this paradigm with the Drinking in the Dark\u2010Multiple Scheduled Access paradigm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During alcohol concentration increase, animals reduced their lever presses in accordance with the increase in alcohol concentration. On the contrary, the consumption measured in g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> BW showed a great stability. The lever presses pattern within operant session changes with the introduction of different alcohol concentrations: at higher alcohol concentrations, animals tended to accumulate most of their presses in the initial period of the session.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show the utility of fading with low concentrations of saccharin and the evolution of the operant response through the different concentrations of alcohol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, our results aimed to dissect the acquisition and maintenance of OSA behavior as well as other related variables, to facilitate the understanding and performance of this paradigm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T13:34:29Z","timestamp":1675344869000},"page":"12-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dissecting operant alcohol self\u2010administration using saccharin\u2010fading procedure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Calleja\u2010Conde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardenal Cisneros Higher Education Center  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Echeverry\u2010Alzate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Nature Sciences Nebrija University  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of 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