{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T16:26:00Z","timestamp":1764433560553,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare and potentially life\u2010threatening condition that may arise at any point during treatment and is often associated with adverse reactions to dopamine\u2010blocking agents. This syndrome is normally characterized by features such as muscle rigidity, alteration in consciousness, autonomic instability, and leukocytosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study is to investigate a borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) case in which NMS with insidious disease progression and long prodromal symptoms was developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The investigated patient was a 38\u2010year\u2010old female diagnosed with bipolar disorder and a variety of corresponding disorders. The patient exhibited gastrointestinal symptoms and restlessness in the weeks leading up to the study, subsequent to the administration of elevated doses of haloperidol, risperidone, and lithium. In addition, she was hospitalized for restlessness and aggressiveness in the summer of 2023. Furthermore, due to her chief complaint, she received parenteral haloperidol twice in the emergency room, subsequently experiencing fever, altered consciousness, generalized rigidity, and dysphagia. Moreover, the patient's initial creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level was 2550\u2009IU\/L, and she was hospitalized in an intensive care unit with the diagnosis of NMS for 8\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case study highlights the necessity of being attentive about prodromal symptoms of NMS and emergent interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T07:48:54Z","timestamp":1717487334000},"page":"521-525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long prodromal symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in patient with intellectual developmental disorder\u2014A case report"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedehnasibeh","family":"Sadati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6872-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forouzan","family":"Elyasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Shyasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Rouhanizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Analytics Department Carilion Clinic  Roanoke Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry","year":"2021","author":"Boland R","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with low dose lithium, without concomitant antipsychotics. 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