{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:49:10Z","timestamp":1788922150445,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K10655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K10655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to create a rat model of drug\u2010induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia by chronic administration of haloperidol and examine the expression of direct and indirect pathway markers in the striatum of the model rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We treated 21 rats, 14 with haloperidol decanoate and 7 with placebo. The number of vacuous chewing movements per 2\u2009min was counted, and haloperidol\u2010treated rats were classified into two groups: mild and severe tardive dyskinesia. Other behavioral analyses were also conducted. After a 6\u2010month treatment period, rat brains were removed, and protein expression was evaluated by Western blotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All haloperidol\u2010treated rats exhibited vacuous chewing movements. The frequency of exploratory behavior and rotarod test performance was lower in the mild and severe tardive dyskinesia groups. The number of vacuous chewing movements and frequency of exploratory behavior were positively correlated in haloperidol\u2010treated rats. The expression of dynorphin, a direct pathway marker, decreased in the severe tardive dyskinesia group. The expression of enkephalin, an indirect pathway marker, decreased both in the mild and severe tardive dyskinesia groups. The expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors also decreased with haloperidol treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both direct and indirect pathways are involved in haloperidol\u2010induced movement disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T23:09:59Z","timestamp":1736464199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Co\u2010Expression of Tardive Dyskinesia and Drug\u2010Induced Parkinsonism in Rats Chronically Treated With Haloperidol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Iku","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Hospital  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1065-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruo","family":"Nishijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Hospital  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Kon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Shimoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Hikichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chieko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Tomiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine  Hirosaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0222-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198300061-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-018-0105-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16r10832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199302000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30152-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285291700061X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820070032005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000532"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25909"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050545"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07798.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050095"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790260072009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847477"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Medication\u2010Induced Tardive Dyskinesia: A Review and Update","volume":"17","author":"Cornett E. 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