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Thus, data\u2010driven analyses incorporating biological and cross\u2010disease perspectives, regardless of the diagnostic category, have recently been proposed. A data\u2010driven clustering study based on subcortical volumes in 5604 subjects classified into four brain biotypes associated with cognitive\/social functioning. Among the four brain biotypes identified in controls and patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and other psychiatric disorders, we further analyzed the brain biotype 1 subjects, those with an extremely small limbic region, for clinical utility. We found that the representative feature of brain biotype 1 is enlarged lateral ventricles. An enlarged ventricle, defined by an average\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010score of left and right lateral ventricle volumes &gt;\u20093, had a sensitivity of 99.1% and a specificity of 98.1% for discriminating brain biotype 1. However, the presence of an enlarged ventricle was not sufficient to classify patient subgroups, as 1% of the controls also had enlarged ventricles. Reclassification of patients with enlarged ventricles according to cognitive impairment resulted in a stratified subgroup that included patients with a high proportion of schizophrenia diagnoses, electroencephalography abnormalities, and rare pathological genetic copy number variations. Data\u2010driven clustering analysis of neuroimaging data revealed subgroups with enlarged ventricles and cognitive impairment. This subgroup could be a new diagnostic candidate for psychiatric disorders. This concept and strategy may be useful for identifying biologically defined psychiatric disorders in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T12:36:49Z","timestamp":1741696609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proposal for a Novel Classification of Patients With Enlarged Ventricles and Cognitive Impairment Based on Data\u2010Driven Analysis of Neuroimaging Results in Patients With Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2746-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuka","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Grow Brilliant Mental Clinic Medical Corporation Foster  Osaka Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases National Institute of Mental Health, National 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of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School  Bunkyo\u2010Ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amane","family":"Tateno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine Nippon Medical School  Bunkyo\u2010Ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoaki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research Showa University  Setagaya Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9507-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Sakyo\u2010ku Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University  Sakyo\u2010ku Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoji","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine University of Miyazaki  Kiyotake Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Go","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and 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