{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T07:06:48Z","timestamp":1779692808533,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22dk0307115h0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22dk0307115h0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23gm1910005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23gm1910005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID\u201019 has been associated with dysregulated immune responses, with increasing evidence indicating sustained inflammasome activation and subsequent pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production. This study aimed to characterize the temporal profile of inflammatory markers, particularly interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2, in post\u2010COVID\u201019 patients compared with pre\u2010pandemic healthy controls, using data from the Psychiatric Symptoms for COVID\u201019 Registry Japan (PSCORE\u2010J).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples were analyzed from 119 post\u2010COVID\u201019 patients (median age 45\u2009years) recruited during 2023 and 374 pre\u2010pandemic healthy controls (median age 65\u2009years). For post\u2010COVID\u201019 patients, samples were collected at baseline, 3\u2009months, and 9\u2009months. Multiple inflammatory markers were assessed, including IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, TNF\u2010\u03b1, IFN\u2010\u03b3, IFN\u2010\u03b2, IP\u201010, ACE2, and eotaxin. Age\u2010 and sex\u2010adjusted analyses were performed on log\u2010transformed IL\u20101\u03b2 levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL\u20101\u03b2 levels were significantly elevated in post\u2010COVID\u201019 patients compared with healthy controls across all age groups (under 30s: 0.69\u2009\u00b1\u20090.33 vs. 0.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03; 30s: 0.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.63 vs. 0.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09; 40s: 0.84\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76 vs. 0.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23; 50s: 0.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.65 vs. 0.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10; 60 or over: 0.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30 vs. 0.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u2009pg\/mL). This elevation was sustained throughout the 9\u2010month follow\u2010up (baseline: 0.500 [0.33\u20130.890]; 3\u2009months: 0.630 [0.28\u20131.290]; 9\u2009months: 0.54 [0.29\u20130.96] pg\/mL) compared with controls (0.24 [0.21\u20130.27] pg\/mL). Other inflammatory markers showed either no significant differences or were paradoxically lower in patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection is associated with persistent elevation of IL\u20101\u03b2 levels that remains stable over a 9\u2010month period, suggesting sustained inflammasome activation. These findings provide novel insight into post\u2010COVID\u201019 inflammatory processes and may have important implications for understanding both acute and chronic manifestations of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Japan Registry of Clinical Trials: jRCT1030220711<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:19:36Z","timestamp":1773015576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Persistent Interleukin\u20101\u03b2 Elevation in Post\u2010COVID\u201019 Patients: Findings From a Nationwide Registry Study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Takamatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0610-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari S.","family":"Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Data Science, Clinical Research &amp; Education Promotion Division National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikue","family":"Umemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Clinical Reference Center National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Research Center Nagoya University  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daini Hospital  Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Research Center Nagoya University  Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazufumi","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohisa","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Fujita Health University Hospital  Toyoake Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Maesawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Research Center Nagoya University  Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery National Hospital Organization, Nagoya Medical Center  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahisa","family":"Katsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Research Center Nagoya University  Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ohmagari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Prevention Center National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5392-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Takao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory and Internal Medicine National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6460-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Kito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathophysiology of Mental Disorders Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine  Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Glyco\u2010core Research (iGCORE) Nagoya University  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Kuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Kodaira Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Post COVID\u201019 Condition (Long COVID)","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02987-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201707"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1014665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"PSCORE\u2010J Psychiatric Symptoms for COVID\u201019 Registry Japan","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.315937"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.01.003"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"2948","article-title":"Epigenetic Reprogramming of Innate Immunity in Long COVID","volume":"186","author":"Cheong J. G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53547-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac270"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1471192"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","article-title":"Cross\u2010Platform Comparison of Highly Sensitive Immunoassay Technologies to Assess Cytokine Markers in Human Serum and Plasma","volume":"15","author":"Lasseter H. C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082481"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1641"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-1583OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1520193"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/npr2.70082","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/npr2.70082","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/npr2.70082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:51:54Z","timestamp":1779691914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/npr2.70082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/npr2.70082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/npr2.70082","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-173X","2574-173X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-173X","type":"print"},{"value":"2574-173X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70082"}}