{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:39:27Z","timestamp":1788482367287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23KC2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23KC2006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, the misuse of over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) medications has been increasing in psychiatric clinical settings in Japan. This study aimed to compare individuals who misuse codeine (COD) with those who misuse dextromethorphan (DXM) to clarify the clinical characteristics of DXM misusers and to consider the support measures needed for this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the 2024 National Survey on Drug\u2010Related Disorders in Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities. Individuals who primarily misused OTC containing COD (COD group) and DXM (DXM group) were extracted from the database. We examined demographic characteristics, ICD\u201010 subcategories, and comorbid psychiatric disorders and compared the two groups using Fisher's exact test. Factors associated with DXM misuse were further analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 160 individuals in the COD group and 72 in the DXM group. Compared with the COD group, the DXM group had higher proportions of females and younger individuals, as well as higher rates of drug use within the past year and a history of self\u2010harm or suicide attempts. The DXM group also showed significantly higher comorbidity rates of \u201cacute intoxication\u201d and \u201cmood disorders (F3)\u201d based on ICD\u201010. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, younger age (AOR\u2009=\u20092.558, 95% CI: 1.218\u20135.371), acute intoxication (AOR\u2009=\u20092.73, 95% CI: 1.254\u20135.942), and comorbid mood disorders (AOR\u2009=\u20092.201, 95% CI: 1.146\u20134.227) were significantly associated with DXM misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the importance of acute\u2010phase management, assessment of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and interventions that include suicide\u2010risk evaluation in supporting individuals who misuse DXM. Furthermore, preventive education incorporating perspectives on mental\u2010health\u2010focused suicide prevention, as well as regulatory measures for OTC medication sales, are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.70100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T11:38:55Z","timestamp":1771414735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Characteristics of Over\u2010The\u2010Counter Drug Misusers in Psychiatric Practice in Japan: Comparison Between Codeine Misusers and Dextromethorphan Misusers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Tanibuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiba Hospital  Funabashi Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Omiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Graduate School of Education, Joetsu University of Education  Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Usami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Fukuoka Prefectural Psychiatric Center Dazaifu Hospital  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Shimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7076-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Dependence Research National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-021-00350-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100736"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.657397"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qhc.12.2.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2002.00416.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7033.758"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/newpage_16365.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2011.615002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12415"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","volume-title":"Nationwide Survey on the Actual Conditions of Drug\u2010Related Mental Disorders in Psychiatric Hospitals in Japan","author":"Matsumoto T.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","volume-title":"Nationwide Survey on the Actual Conditions of Drug\u2010Related Mental Disorders in Psychiatric Hospitals in Japan","author":"Matsumoto T.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","volume-title":"Materials From the 5th Meeting of the Study Group on the Appropriate Use of Over\u2010the\u2010Counter Drugs","author":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173905"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.131676"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02133.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318281a547"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20140094"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Dextromethorphan Withdrawal and Dependence Syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Mutschler J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.12.1217"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.23.1081"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2012.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20081251"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","volume-title":"Suicide Prevention Promotion Office, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Life Safety Planning Division, Life Safety Bureau, National Police Agency","author":"Government of Japan","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4997"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"TBS\u2010MRI https:\/\/tbs\u2010mri.com\/n\/n06c8ed8c9f30."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315613764"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/fmpcr.2018.76456"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Cough Mixture Abusers Referred to Three Substance Abuse Clinics in Hong Kong: A Retrospective Study","volume":"22","author":"Tang A. K.","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Asian Archives of Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/npr2.70100","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/npr2.70100","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/npr2.70100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:51:26Z","timestamp":1779691886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/npr2.70100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/npr2.70100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/npr2.70100","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-173X","2574-173X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-173X","type":"print"},{"value":"2574-173X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70100"}}