{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:28:41Z","timestamp":1762658921957},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]],"date-time":"2006-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4654,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Natural Toxins"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary structure of toxin III of <jats:italic>Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus<\/jats:italic> (Lqq III) was elucidated by automatic Edman degradation of the reduced and S\u2010carboxymethylated protein and derived tryptic peptides. Like other scorpion toxins that are active on sodium channels, Lqq III, consisting of 64 amino acids, is a 7 kDa single\u2010chain polypeptide crosslinked by four disulfide bridges. It belongs to the \u03b1\u2010toxin group, as judged by competition experiments with <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>I AaH II for binding to rat brain synaptosomes (K<jats:sub>o.5<\/jats:sub> = 7 \u00d7 10\u2010<jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup> M). Lqq III is the first \u03b1\u2010toxin to be characterized that is highly toxic to mice [LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = \u03bcG (7.1 nmol)\/kg body wt], by subcutaneous injection, insects <jats:italic>Blatella germanica<\/jats:italic> [LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 60 ng (8.5 pmol)\/g body wt.] and <jats:italic>Musca domestica<\/jats:italic> [LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 120 ng (17 pmol)\/g body wt]. When tested via the intracerebroventricular route, the toxicity for mice [55 \u03bcg (8 nmol)\/kg] was of the same order as that found by subcutaneous injection, indicating that Lqq III has a higher affinity for peripheral sodium channels than for those of the central nervous system. There are three differences between the sequences of Lqq III and Lqh\u03b1lT, an \u03b1\u2010toxin isolated from the venom of <jats:italic>Leiurvs quinquestriatus hebraeus.<\/jats:italic> These substitutions are found at positions 20,24, and 64 (Ser\u2010\u2192Ala, Asp\u2010\u2192Glu and His\u2010\u2192Arg, respectively). Surprisingly Lqh\u03b1lT is only weakly active in mice [LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 5 mg (0.7 \u03bcmol)\/kg], while in insects its toxicity is similar to that of Lqq III [140 ng (20 pmol)\/g body wt blowfly larvae]. These observations are relevant to the definition of scorpion toxin structure\u2010activity relationships. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620010510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]],"date-time":"2006-10-18T02:17:08Z","timestamp":1161137828000},"page":"308-312","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Characterization of toxin III of the scorpion <i>Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus<\/i>: A new type of alpha\u2010toxin highly toxic both to mammals and insects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Kopeyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Mansuelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010France","family":"Martin\u2010Eauclaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Rochat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)91211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02023142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Methods 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