{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:19:53Z","timestamp":1790810393119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]],"date-time":"2006-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4108,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Natural Toxins"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fusaric acid is produced by several species of <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic>, which commonly infect corn and other agricultural commodities. Since this mycotoxin may augment the effects of other <jats:italic>Fusarium<\/jats:italic> toxins, a gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry method of analysis in feeds was developed. Fusaric acid was analyzed as the trimethylsilyl\u2010ester from <jats:italic>F. monilifotme<\/jats:italic>\u2010cultures, \u2010contaminated corn screenings, and feeds toxic to livestock. The mycotoxin was found in all samples and ranged from 0.43 to 12.39 \u03bcg\/g sample. Also, fusaric acid was tested for its neurochemical effects in the brain and pineal gland of rats. Animals were dosed intraperitoneally (100 mg\/kg body weight) 30 min prior to the onset of the dark phase (lights out) and the effects were studied at 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 h after treatment. Brain serotonin (5HT), 5\u2010hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), tyrosine (TYRO), and dopamine (DA) were increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) by fusaric acid, and norepinephrine (NEpi) was decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Analogously, DA in the pineal gland increased and NEpi decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Pineal N\u2010acetylserotonin (NAcSHT) was increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05), whereas pineal 5HT and its two major metabolites 5HIAA and 5\u2010hydroxytrytophol (5HTOL) decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Elevated brain TYRO and brain and pineal DA, with decreased NEpi, may be consistent with fusaric acid's partial inhibitory effect on tyrosine\u2010hydroxylase and its inhibitory effect on dopamine\u2010\u03b2\u2010hydroxylase, respectively. Elevated pineal Na<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>5HT is consistent with decreased pineal 5HT and the increased pineal DA, and support the dopaminergic stimulatory activity of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of 5HT to NA<jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>5HT. This is the first report of fusaric acid's in vivo effect on pineal DA, NEpi, 5HT, and NAc5HT in rats, and a relation for the effects on TYRO, 5HT, and 5HIAA in brain tissue. The results indicate fusaric acid alters brain and pineal neurotransmitters and may contribute to the toxic effects of Fusarium\u2010contaminated feeds. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]],"date-time":"2006-10-18T02:37:56Z","timestamp":1161139076000},"page":"91-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Fusaric acid in <i>Fusarium moniliforme<\/i> cultures, corn, and feeds toxic to livestock and the neurochemical effects in the brain and pineal gland of rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"James K.","family":"Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Bacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Winston M.","family":"Hagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BaconCW PorterJK NorredWP(1995):Toxic interaction of fumonisin Bl and fusaric acid measured by injection into fertile chicken eggs. 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