{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:47:44Z","timestamp":1782355664365,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]],"date-time":"2006-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4047,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Natural Toxins"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Horses grazins for prolonged periods on yellow star thistle (YST), a plant which grows wild in western parts of the United States, develop an extrapyramidal disorder known as nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE). Attempts have been made to identify, isolate, and characterize the toxins responsible for the disease in animals. Using the organotypic tissue culture system on mouse cortical explants as a specific assay method for neurotoxicological evaluation, it has been possible to isolate and characterize two potent neuroexcitotoxic compounds, aspartic and glutamic acids, the former being the major toxic component in the alcoholic extract of the plant. There is also evidence that other neurotoxic compounds are present in the extract. The detailed procedure for isolation and characterization of these compounds is given here. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nt.2620030309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,18]],"date-time":"2006-10-18T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1161138595000},"page":"174-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Isolation and identification of two potent neurotoxins, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, from yellow star thistle (<i>Centaurea solstitialis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Dwijendra N.","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Peyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0970104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-427150-0.50028-0","volume-title":"Tissue Culture, Methods and Applications","author":"Bornstein MB","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88488-7_25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Yellow star thistle, biology and management in pasture and rangeland. Current Information Series No. 634","author":"Callihan RH","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(92)90177-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Excitatory amino acid receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system","volume":"40","author":"Collingridge GL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-195404000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"CordyDR(1954b):Nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease) in horses on rations high in yellow star thistle. Proc Book Am Vet Med Assoc 149\u2010154."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-403250-7.50037-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(87)90172-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7079744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)91638-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Progress in Phytochemistry","author":"Fowden L","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"607","article-title":"Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in the horse","volume":"147","author":"Fowler ME","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(88)90128-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Natural and Synthetic Neurotoxins","author":"MacDonald E","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2185543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Free amino acids in different organs of 16 Lathyrus species","volume":"6","author":"Przybylska J","year":"1965","journal-title":"Genet Polon"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"704","article-title":"Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) and Centaurea solstitialis (CS): Search for culpable neurotoxin(s)","volume":"17","author":"Roy DN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Yellow star thistle and nigropallidal encephalomalacia: Search for culpable neurotoxin(s)","volume":"12","author":"Roy DN","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia and Centaurea solstitialis (yellow star thistle): Partial isolation and identification of neurotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Roy DN","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np50067a038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19910740114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2996146"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00387456","article-title":"Canavanine distribution in jack bean fruit during fruit growth","volume":"77","author":"Williams SE","year":"1967","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Paper Chromatography and Electrophoresis","author":"Zweig G","year":"1967"}],"container-title":["Natural Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fnt.2620030309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nt.2620030309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T08:23:44Z","timestamp":1698308624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nt.2620030309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nt.2620030309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nt.2620030309","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-9014","1522-7189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-9014","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,5]]}}}