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The succession of new discoveries and their transforming effects on intellectual paradigms in biology represent an interesting case to compare with Kuhn's dichotomy between \u201cnormal science\u201d and \u201crevolutionary science.\u201d Here, three conceptually disruptive discoveries are discussed: (1) the discovery and significance of messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing; (2) the discovery and significance of immunoglobulin gene somatic rearrangement; and (3) the discovery that mutational breaking and joining of DNA in immune cells is so evolutionarily important that this systemic function is conserved even when the particular molecules involved are dispensable. Despite their shocking nature for the paradigms of the time, all three discoveries emerged from normal science.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Points\/ Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>T. S. Kuhn's dichotomy between \u201cnormal\u201d and \u201crevolutionary\u201d science is interrogated through three examples.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In the 1970's\u20132000's, explosive advances in molecular biology and immunology repeatedly broke paradigms.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Despite this, each paradigm shift emerged from \u201cnormal science\u201d practice and rapidly enriched previous knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Key elements making this possible were rapid technological advances and use of model systems with few prior assumptions.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Advances transformed understanding of gene coding, gene regulation, immune recognition, and immune system evolution.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ntls.70078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:00:04Z","timestamp":1783339204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Discontinuous Genomic Coding and Paradigm Shifts in Molecular Biology and Immunology: Revolutions via \u201cNormal Science\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ellen V.","family":"Rothenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology  Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_21_2_1","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"Kuhn T. 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