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Of these, 149 young adults, 34 formerly full\u2010term and 115 formerly preterm (22 healthy preterm, 48 with medical complications, 21 with neurological complications, and 24 small for gestational age) donated five saliva samples from a single day that were assayed for cortisol to assess diurnal variation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis. Analyses were conducted to determine whether prematurity category, birth weight, and socioeconomic status were associated with differences in HPA axis function. Pre\u2010 and perinatal circumstances associated with prematurity influenced the activity of this environmentally sensitive physiological system. 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