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Researchers have proposed the use of propensity score matching with doses to minimize overt bias and estimate the effect of multidose treatments or varying degrees of risk exposure in observational studies. In this paper, we demonstrate the propensity score methods with a focus on matching with doses in an examination of the relationship between physical abuse levels (frequency and number of perpetrators) and self\u2010reported sleep quality among adolescents. Secondary analyses were conducted using data from the China Jintan Child Cohort. The sample comprised 707 adolescents (13.16 \u00b1 0.90 years old) who had complete data on physical abuse, sleep, and covariates. Propensity scores were computed from eight covariates and used to carry out pair matching, matching with the frequency of abusive experience, and matching with the number of perpetrators. The standardized differences of covariates suggested an acceptable balance between groups after matching. The results derived from matching sets consistently indicated that adolescents being physically abused by parent(s) have worse sleep quality. Despite its inherent limitations, propensity score matching with doses provides a useful tool for nurse researchers analyzing observational data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T13:23:32Z","timestamp":1572614612000},"page":"436-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Using propensity score matching with doses in observational studies: An example from a child physical abuse and sleep quality study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences University of Delaware Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naixue","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Shandong University Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family and Community Health, School of Nursing University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610910902859574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1743727X.2011.552338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-011-9405-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.2.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0822-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.140970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/85.4.907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1991-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-011-9285-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4694(97)00013-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1993.10474623","article-title":"Comparison of multivariate matching methods: Structures, distances, and algorithms","volume":"2","author":"Gu X. 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