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In particular, since deaf individuals generally exhibit low levels of health literacy, it is essential to develop interventions that consider their limited health literacy. This study evaluates the impact of the Hypertension Self\u2010Management Education for the Hearing Impaired Using Sign Language (H\u2010SMILE) program. Using a quasi\u2010experimental, nonequivalent control group design, 16 deaf participants received the 6\u2010week H\u2010SMILE program, whereas 17 participants attended a single traditional lecture session. Outcomes measured included depression, quality of life, HTN knowledge, health literacy, self\u2010care, medication adherence, and clinical indicators, assessed at baseline, post\u2010intervention, and 2 months post\u2010intervention. Immediately post\u2010intervention, the H\u2010SMILE group showed improvements in self\u2010care management, self\u2010care confidence, and functional health literacy, alongside an increase in depression compared to controls. These effects did not persist at the 2\u2010month follow\u2010up. The H\u2010SMILE program shows initial effectiveness but requires strategies for long\u2010term sustainability of outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.70022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T12:15:43Z","timestamp":1758370543000},"page":"724-736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of Self\u2010Management Education for Deaf Individuals With Hypertension: A Quasi\u2010Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6854-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi Won","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Eulji University Uijeongbu Gyeonggi\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9149-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing &amp; The Research Institute for Biomedical &amp; Health Science Konkuk University Glocal Campus Chungju Chungcheongbuk\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4727-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing &amp; Center for World\u2010leading Human\u2010care Nurse Leaders for the Future by Brain Korea 21 (BK 21) Four Project, College of Nursing Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7173-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Na","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Konyang University Daejeon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-1564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Ju","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing &amp; The Research Institute of Nursing Science Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2021.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231220791"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2023.107830"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Rapid Assessment of Literacy Levels of Adult Primary Care Patients","volume":"23","author":"Davis T. 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