{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:05:11Z","timestamp":1790679911238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["267719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["267719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKIDI-KID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKIDI-KID"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013500","name":"Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed at establishing bacterial flagellin\u2010recognizing toll\u2010like receptor 5 (TLR5) as a novel link between gut microbiota composition, adipose tissue inflammation, and obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An adipose tissue microarray database was used to compare women having the highest (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4, H\u2010TLR) and lowest (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4, L\u2010TLR) expression levels of TLR5\u2010signaling pathway genes. Gut microbiota composition was profiled using flow cytometry and FISH. Standard laboratory techniques were used to determine anthropometric and clinical variables. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> results were verified using cultured human adipocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The H\u2010TLR group had higher flagellated <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> cluster XIV abundance and <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\u2010to\u2010<jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> ratio. H\u2010TLR subjects had obese phenotype characterized by greater waist circumference, fat %, and blood pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05 for all). They also had higher leptin and lower adiponectin levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05 for both). Six hundred and sixty\u2010eight metabolism\u2010 and inflammation\u2010related adipose tissue genes were differentially expressed between the groups. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> studies confirmed that flagellin activated TLR5 inflammatory pathways, decreased insulin signaling, and increased glycerol secretion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> findings suggest that flagellated <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> cluster XIV bacteria contribute to the development of obesity through distorted adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation. The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies in adipocytes show that the underlying mechanisms of the human findings may be due to flagellin\u2010activated TLR5 signaling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]],"date-time":"2015-01-22T08:55:17Z","timestamp":1421916917000},"page":"581-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptor 5 in obesity: The role of gut microbiota and adipose tissue inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Satu","family":"Pekkala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Turku Turku 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