{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:02:51Z","timestamp":1790287371275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa","award":["CNPq #476385\/2006-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq #476385\/2006-7"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa","award":["CNPq #140643\/2009-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq #140643\/2009-5"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa","award":["CNPq #308068\/2011-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq #308068\/2011-4"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa","award":["CNPq #301867\/2010-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq #301867\/2010-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["FAPESP #2011\/17533-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP #2011\/17533-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["FAPESP #2013\/07651-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP #2013\/07651-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["FAPESP #2012\/02953-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP #2012\/02953-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["FAPESP #2008\/03714-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP #2008\/03714-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Zerbini"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemoreflex hypersensitity was caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study tested the hypothesis that hypocaloric diet and exercise training (D+ET) would improve peripheral and central chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with MetS and OSA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients were assigned to: (1) D+ET (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916) and (2) no intervention control (C, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098). Minute ventilation (VE, pre\u2010calibrated pneumotachograph) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, microneurography) were evaluated during peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity by inhalation of 10% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 90% N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> titrated and central chemoreflex by 7% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 93% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> for 3 min at study entry and after 4 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peak VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was increased by D+ET; body weight, waist circumference, glucose levels, systolic\/diastolic blood pressure, and apnea\u2013hypopnea index (AHI) (34\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1 vs. 18\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2 events\/h, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) were reduced by D+ET. MSNA was reduced by D+ET at rest and in response to hypoxia (8.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2 vs. 5.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 bursts\/min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), and VE in response to hypercapnia (14.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9 vs. 9.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2 l\/min, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). No changes were found in the C group. A positive correlation was found between AHI and MSNA absolute changes (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.51, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and body weight and AHI absolute changes (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.69, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sympathetic peripheral and ventilatory central chemoreflex sensitivity was improved by D+ET in MetS+OSA patients, which may be associated with improvement in sleep pattern.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T11:20:41Z","timestamp":1436181641000},"page":"1582-1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Diet and exercise improve chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cristiane","family":"Maki\u2010Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Toschi\u2010Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe X.","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Urbana P.B.","family":"Rondon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Biodin\u00e2mica, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u2010Janieire N. N.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffael F.","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria F. 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