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Thereafter, higher parental education level was associated with lower BMI in males and females. Total and additive genetic variances of BMI were smaller in the offspring of highly educated parents than in those whose parents had low education levels. Especially in North American and Australian children, environmental factors shared by co\u2010twins also contributed to the higher BMI variation in the low education level category. In Europe and East Asia, the associations of parental education with mean BMI and BMI variance were weaker than in North America and Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro\u2010environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro\u2010social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T05:30:49Z","timestamp":1554528649000},"page":"855-865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karri","family":"Silventoinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Research University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Jelenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Research University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology University of the Basque Country Leioa Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Latvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshie","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Nursing Osaka City University Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reijo","family":"Sund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Research 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