{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1789668141666,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alterations in brain\u2010gut\u2010microbiome interactions have been implicated as an important factor in obesity. This study aimed to explore the relationship between food addiction (FA) and the brain\u2010gut\u2010microbiome axis, using a multi\u2010omics approach involving microbiome data, metabolomics, and brain imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 105 females. FA was defined by using the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Fecal samples were collected for sequencing and metabolomics. Statistical analysis was done by using multivariate analyses and machine learning algorithms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the females with obesity, 33.3% exhibited FA as compared with 5.3% and 0.0% of females with overweight and normal BMI, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001). Based on a multilevel sparse partial least square discriminant analysis, there was a difference in the gut microbiome of females with FA versus those without. Differential abundance testing showed <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic> were statistically associated with FA (<jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Metabolomics showed that indolepropionic acid was inversely correlated with FA. FA was also correlated with increased connectivity within the brain\u2019s reward network, specifically between the intraparietal sulcus, brain stem, and putamen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to examine FA along the brain\u2010gut\u2010microbiome axis and it supports the idea of targeting the brain\u2010gut\u2010microbiome axis for the treatment of FA and obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T13:00:05Z","timestamp":1595422805000},"page":"1477-1486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["A Distinct Brain\u2010Gut\u2010Microbiome Profile Exists for Females with Obesity and Food Addiction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien S.","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"UCLA Microbiome Center University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emeran A.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"UCLA Microbiome Center University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Medicine Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"University of California Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"G. 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