{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:06:38Z","timestamp":1790111198178,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined how household food insecurity (HFI) and chronic stress relate to adiposity among Tsimane\u2019 hunter\u2010forager\u2010horticulturalists in remote Bolivia with limited access to energy\u2010dense processed foods that promote weight gain among industrialized populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cross\u2010sectional data on HFI (via the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale [HFIAS]), hair cortisol concentration (HCC), adiposity (BMI, body fat percentage [%BF]), and sociodemographics were collected from 171 men, 164 women, and 167 children. Linear mixed\u2010effects models tested linear, quadratic, joint, and interactive relationships between adiposity measures and both the HFIAS score and HCC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among children, each 3\u2010point HFIAS score increase was associated with a 0.44\u2010point higher %BF (SE\u2009=\u20090.22, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). However, each 20% increase in HCC was associated with a \u22120.29\u2010point difference in %BF (SE\u2009=\u20090.12, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Among men, a slight curvilinear relationship emerged between HFIAS and BMI. HFIAS and HCC were unrelated to adiposity measures among women. HCC did not modify relationships between HFIAS and adiposity in any subgroup.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings from a remote, small\u2010scale population suggest that positive associations between HFI and adiposity are not isolated to contexts of industrialized food environments and heavy reliance on processed foods. However, these dynamics and the role of stress appear to differ by sex and age group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1618637313000},"page":"1046-1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Household Food Insecurity, Hair Cortisol, and Adiposity Among Tsimane\u2019 Hunter\u2010Forager\u2010Horticulturalists in Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5774-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary J.","family":"Bethancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-1447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asher Y.","family":"Rosinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Taking Stock of Uneven Progress","author":"FAO, IFAD, and WFP","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001900435X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1819-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X16000947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102936"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-015-9764-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy250"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide","author":"Coates J","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.004119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Household Hunger Scale: Indicator Definition and Measurement Guide","author":"Ballard T","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","volume-title":"Validation of a Measure of Household Hunger for Cross\u2010Cultural Use","author":"Deitchler M","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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