{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:26:52Z","timestamp":1790908012312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Novel antiobesity treatments are highly effective in recent clinical trials. Access to these medications is needed to supplement lifestyle and surgical interventions for millions living with obesity worldwide, but high prices are limiting. This study aimed to review current treatment costs and calculate potential estimated minimum prices (EMPs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors searched national drug price databases across various countries for orlistat, naltrexone\u2010bupropion, topiramate\u2010phentermine, liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide. EMPs for antiobesity medications were calculated using established methodology, using active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from the Panjiva database. EMPs were calculated per 30\u2010day course and include costs of active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, formulation, taxation, and 10% profit margin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National prices of antiobesity medications were significantly higher than calculated EMPs. Semaglutide 30\u2010day course prices ranged from $804 (United States) to $95 (Turkey) while the EMP was $40. Liraglutide prices ranged from $1418 (United States) to $252 (Norway) while the EMP was $50. Some oral treatments could be generically manufactured at very low costs per course ($7 for orlistat; $5 for phentermine\/topiramate combination tablets), while naltrexone\/bupropion was more expensive ($54).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows that certain weight\u00a0loss treatments can be manufactured and sold profitably at low costs, but prices currently range widely between countries, limiting access for those in need.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:01:15Z","timestamp":1677121275000},"page":"1270-1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Estimated minimum prices and lowest available national prices for antiobesity medications: Improving affordability and access to treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0206-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Levi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junzheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Office, Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francois","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6494-7645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Liverpool University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0176-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Obesity and overweight. 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