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Because of the substantial and sustained weight loss following bariatric surgery, postsurgical patients are ideal to study the association of weight loss and cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospectively (1982\u20132019), 21,837 bariatric surgery patients (surgery, 1982\u20132018) were matched 1:1 by age, sex, and BMI with a nonsurgical comparison group. Procedures included gastric bypass, gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenal switch. Primary outcomes included cancer incidence and mortality, stratified by obesity\u2010 and non\u2010obesity\u2010related cancers, sex, cancer stage, and procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bariatric surgery patients had a 25% lower risk of developing any cancers compared with a nonsurgical comparison group\u00a0(hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% CI 0.69\u20130.81; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cancer incidence was lower among female (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.62\u20130.74; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but not male surgery patients, with the HR lower for females than for males (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Female surgery\u00a0patients had a 41% lower risk for obesity\u2010related cancers (i.e., breast, ovarian, uterine, and colon) compared with nonsurgical females (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.52\u20130.66; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cancer mortality was significantly lower after surgery in females (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.44\u20130.64; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bariatric surgery was associated with lower all\u2010cancer and obesity\u2010related cancer incidence among female patients. Cancer mortality was significantly lower among females in the\u00a0surgical group versus the nonsurgical group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T10:25:52Z","timestamp":1692699952000},"page":"2386-2397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Long\u2010term cancer outcomes after bariatric surgery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9853-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ted D.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Surgical Specialties\/Digestive Health Clinical Program Intermountain Healthcare  Salt Lake Utah USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong","family":"Meeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Population Database University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Population Database University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1383-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance E.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University  Provo Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Holmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Biorepository, Intermountain Healthcare  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Services University of Utah Health  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Ibele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of General Surgery University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6082-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Playdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"},{"name":"Utah Population Database University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheetal","family":"Hardikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Surgical Specialties\/Digestive Health Clinical Program Intermountain Healthcare  Salt Lake Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine  Salt Lake Utah USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewhan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"XuJ MurphySL KochanekKD AriasE. 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