{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:14:32Z","timestamp":1786965272210,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the unique clinical and cardiometabolic risk characteristics of weight\u2010cyclers and identify differences between weight\u2010cyclers and individuals with other weight\u2010change trajectories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A deidentified database of 1,428,204 Vanderbilt University Medical Center patients from 1997 to 2020 was included based on having \u22655\u2009years of recorded weights. Patients with a history of malignant neoplasm, bariatric surgery, implausible BMI (e.g., &lt;15 or &gt;80 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), or missing documented height were excluded, yielding 83,261 participants categorized by weight trajectory, i.e., weight\u2010stable, weight\u2010gainer, weight\u2010loser, or weight\u2010cycler, based on criteria of \u22655% weight\u2010change thresholds. Additionally, quartiles of average successive weight variability were evaluated to determine the effect of absolute differences among successive weight values.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over half (55%) of participants were weight\u2010cyclers, 23% were weight\u2010gainers, 12% were weight\u2010losers, and 10% were weight\u2010stable over 5\u2009years. Although baseline BMI did not differ among groups, weight\u2010cyclers were more likely to have lower high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher blood glucose and triglyceride levels and to have been prescribed antihypertensive, dyslipidemia, and\/or antidiabetic therapies. They were also younger and more likely to be smokers. Participants with the greatest weight variability (i.e., highest quartile of average successive weight variability) had higher cardiometabolic risk scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Weight cycling was highly prevalent but yielded no meaningful overall change in body weight after 5\u2009years. These findings support a paradigm shift in weight management in individuals with overweight\/obesity toward reducing cardiometabolic risk with or without weight loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T08:52:45Z","timestamp":1730796765000},"page":"2045-2059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cardiometabolic characteristics of weight cycling: results from a mid\u2010South regional comprehensive health care system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4203-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison Z.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Farber\u2010Eger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Petty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi J.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Vanderbilt University Medical Center  Nashville Tennessee USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0B013E32832F5A79"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.21.1.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/GERONA\/GLP050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JDI.13380"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLNU.2011.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EJCA.2013.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009843","article-title":"Prospective study of intentional weight loss and mortality in overweight White men aged 40\u201064\u2009years","volume":"149","author":"Williamson DF","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2018\u201001239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/AJE\/KWR378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2019.00728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.1701713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/ADIP.27556"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DB12\u20101076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2022.1087554\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/OSP4.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHINTERNMED.2009.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/OBY.21358"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/CMAJO.20200007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CJCA.2012.02.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"The need to report effect size estimates revisited. 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