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The distribution of body fat, especially ectopic fat deposition, plays a crucial role in the development of chronic metabolic diseases. Under normal conditions, fatty acids are primarily stored in subcutaneous adipose tissue; however, excessive intake can lead to fat accumulation in visceral adipose tissue and ectopic sites, including the pancreas, heart, and muscle. This redistribution is associated with disruptions in energy metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance, impairing organ function and raising the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and fatty liver. This review explores the roles of visceral and ectopic fat in the development of insulin resistance and related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction\u2010associated steatotic liver disease. Specifically, we examine the structure and characteristics of different fat types, their associations with disease, and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Future strategies for managing obesity\u2010related diseases may include lifestyle modifications, surgical interventions, and emerging medications that target lipid metabolism and energy regulation, aiming to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:08:38Z","timestamp":1741824518000},"page":"825-838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Features, functions, and associated diseases of visceral and ectopic fat: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5936-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, School of Public Health Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1161521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000471488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1003219"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09708-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63657-8_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09686-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147943"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13403"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"Sex\u2010specific association of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes with systemic inflammation and innate immune cells in people living with obesity","volume":"2024","author":"Munckhof ICL","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20200006","article-title":"Mesentery \u2010 a \u2018new\u2019 organ","volume":"4","author":"Coffey JC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Top Life Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-023-04413-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084226"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24756-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"LintonMF YanceyPG DaviesSS et al.The role of lipids and lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. 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