{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:16:02Z","timestamp":1777425362338,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK131334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK131334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L30 HL154167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L30 HL154167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Federal policies mandate the inclusion of historically marginalized groups in clinical trials and sociodemographic reporting on ClinicalTrials.gov. This study used ClinicalTrials.gov to comprehensively assess sociodemographic reporting and representation in obesity\u2010related trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age, race and ethnicity, and sex data were extracted for interventional studies completed in the United States with results from January 1, 2012, to October 13, 2023. We assessed the frequency of sociodemographic reporting and sample representation (equitable, over, or under), as determined by comparing the percentage of trial participants with each characteristic to US Census data and obesity\u2010specific estimates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search yielded 847 study records, 449 of which were eligible. Most studies (&gt;99%) reported sex; older age (33%), race (75%), and ethnicity (57%) were less commonly reported, although race and ethnicity reporting increased over time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> values\u2009&lt;0.001). The following three patterns emerged for representation: 1) individuals identifying as Black\/African American were slightly overrepresented relative to the comparators; 2) representation of older adults and other racial and ethnic identities was more mixed and differed by trial type; and 3) female participants were overrepresented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Progress has been made in reporting and representation, although gaps remain. Given obesity\u2010related health disparities and reasons for inclusion beyond population\u2010based representation (e.g., subgroup analyses), continued efforts are needed to enhance reporting and representation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T11:33:58Z","timestamp":1744371238000},"page":"915-926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Age, race and ethnicity, and sex of participants in clinical trials related to obesity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah M.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Chibueze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lewis Katz School of Medicine Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca M.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Education and Human Services Utah State University  Logan Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astha","family":"Rajpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Kalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ksenia","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Public Health Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Burton\u2010Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurointestinal Health, Division of Gastroenterology Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800541"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation.World Obesity Atlas. 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