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To fill this gap in knowledge, we searched PubMed and Embase for studies analyzing the association between obesity and the prevalence and\/or incidence of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted odds ratios (OR) or hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI relating to the prevalence or incidence of autoimmune diseases in people with BMI &gt;\u200930, compared to BMI &lt;\u200925, were pooled using generic inverse variance and fixed effect models. Of 1,311 records, 26 (8 cross\u2010sectional and 18 longitudinal) studies were included in the meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obesity, compared with normal weight, was associated with increased prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis (OR\u2009=\u20091.11 [1.06, 1.16],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.00001; OR\u2009=\u20091.35 [1.14, 1.59],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0004, respectively) and increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (HR\u2009=\u20091.30 [1.15, 1.49],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), psoriasis (HR\u2009=\u20091.18 [1.16, 1.20],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), multiple sclerosis (HR\u2009=\u20091.49 [1.25, 1.77],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.00001), and Crohn's\/ulcerative colitis (HR\u2009=\u20091.35 [1.11, 1.65],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.003). Obesity was also significantly associated with incidence of any autoimmune disease (HR\u2009=\u20091.41 [1.24, 1.62],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.00001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although definitive conclusions are still precluded for the single diseases, overall evidence supports obesity as a risk factor for autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/oby70044-gra-0001-m.png\">\n                          <jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text>\n                        <\/jats:graphic>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T19:07:33Z","timestamp":1762283253000},"page":"36-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Obesity as a Risk Factor for Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Spatocco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II  Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II  Napoli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7774-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giusy","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto Degli Endotipi in Oncologia, Metabolismo e Immunologia \u2018G. 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