{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T07:55:47Z","timestamp":1775116547099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK069015\u201036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK069015\u201036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK069028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK069028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Cholecystectomy (GBX) may alter energy metabolism, but human evidence is limited. We examined whether GBX alters energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and substrate oxidation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 384 healthy Southwestern Indigenous American adults (222 males, age 28\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009years) were studied, including individuals with a history of gallbladder surgery [GBX(+),\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200939] and without surgery [GBX(\u2212),\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009345]. In addition, 24\u2010h energy metabolism was measured in a respiratory chamber. General linear models were adjusted for age, sex, body composition, and glucose regulation. RER and macronutrient oxidation rates were further adjusted for energy balance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n GBX(+) participants were older (31\u2009\u00b1\u20097 vs. 27\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009years,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0002) and mostly female (95% vs. 36%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001), and they had higher body fat (40%\u2009\u00b1\u20095% vs. 32%\u2009\u00b1\u20098%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001), although body composition differences were sex related. Adjusted models showed lower RER (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u22120.01,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.01), higher lipid oxidation (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200979\u2009kcal\/day,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03), and higher sleep EE (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200978\u2009kcal\/day,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.006) in the GBX(+) group. Other EE variables and macronutrient oxidation rates were not significantly associated with GBX history (all\n p<\/jats:italic>\n 's\u2009>\u20090.1).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Independent of obesity, an absent gallbladder is associated with decreased RER and increased lipid oxidation and sleep EE rates, indicating that the gallbladder may have a role in metabolic fuel selection that has implications for metabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n identifiers: NCT00339482, NCT00340132\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:10:41Z","timestamp":1770898241000},"page":"793-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholecystectomy Is Linked With Lower Respiratory Exchange Ratio and Higher Lipid Oxidation and Sleep Energy Expenditure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5938-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyza N.","family":"Aydin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4875-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J.","family":"Stinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0802-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen C.","family":"Looker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Cabeza de Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Krakoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas C.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Phoenix Arizona 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