{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:59:00Z","timestamp":1790413140710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114\u20102314\u2010B\u2010037\u2010060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114\u20102314\u2010B\u2010037\u2010060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005787","name":"Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMU\u2010TC114A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU\u2010TC114A01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011645","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH114\u20104R85"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH114\u20104R85"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BMI is widely used to define obesity and may not capture heterogeneity in body fat distribution. Genetic studies of obesity have largely focused on BMI but not visceral fat and fat\u2010free mass, which is particularly limited in East Asian populations. This study aimed to explore the genetic associations among body composition traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS) of fat composition traits, including visceral fat, fat mass, and fat\u2010free mass, in 14,121 adults from a population\u2010based biobank. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used for standardized body composition. GWAS were performed, followed by multinomial logistic regressions for associations across phenotype strata, adjusting for BMI and confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GWAS identified multiple SNPs significantly associated with visceral fat, fat mass, and fat\u2010free mass. A variant within the TTN\u2010rs794727539 was inversely associated with visceral fat and positively associated with fat\u2010free mass, independent of BMI. Additional loci showed trait\u2010specific associations, while many fat\u2010mass\u2010associated variants were attenuated after BMI adjustment, highlighting different genetic regulation of fat distribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that visceral fat, fat mass, and fat\u2010free mass were governed by partially distinct genetic mechanisms not fully captured by BMI. These results underscore the importance of incorporating fat composition phenotypes into genetic studies in East Asian populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.70276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:15:51Z","timestamp":1787915751000},"page":"1967-1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond\n                    <scp>BMI<\/scp>\n                    : Genome\u2010Wide Associations of Visceral Fat, Fat\u00a0Mass, and Fat\u2010Free Mass in Eastern Asian Populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hsin\u2010Ming","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun\u2010Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine and Epigenome Research Center China Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuei\u2010Hau","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Shiuan","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3396-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu\u2010Wen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8321-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung\u2010Yi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine College of Medicine, Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"National Center for High\u2010Performance Computing (NCHC), National Institutes of Applied Research  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cObesity and Overweight \u201dupdated December 8 (2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/obesity\u2010and\u2010overweight."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2023-0168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cObesity: Health Consequences of Being Overweight \u201dpublished March 1 (2024) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/questions\u2010and\u2010answers\/item\/obesity\u2010health\u2010consequences\u2010of\u2010being\u2010overweight."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.200020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01969-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0158-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00414-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12060841"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1644373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.575049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2015-0063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Taiwan's Obesity Prevention and Management Strategy","author":"Health Promotion Administration, Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/japsc.2023.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Comparison of Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Dual\u2010Energy X\u2010Ray Absorptiometry in Hispanic Diabetics","volume":"8","author":"Beeson W. L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Body Composition Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2024.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"S. B.Heymsfield \u201cAlgorithm Development for Estimating Visceral Fat Rating Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Tanita Institute Contract Study\u201d(2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"Z.Wang \u201cJapanese\u2010American Differences in Visceral Adiposity and a Simplified Estimation Method for Visceral Adipose Tissue \u201dabstract 518\u2010P North American Association for the Study of Obesity Annual Meeting (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Tanita Technical Bulletin: Visceral Fat Measurement","author":"Tanita Corporation","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-021-00178-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","article-title":"Quality Control Procedures for Genome\u2010Wide Association Studies","volume":"1","author":"Turner S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Human Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2812-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effect of Expressions and SNPs of Candidate Genes on Intramuscular Fat Content in Qinchuan Cattle","volume":"10","author":"Li Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddae136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08000-4"}],"container-title":["Obesity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oby.70276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/oby.70276","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/oby.70276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:29:52Z","timestamp":1790411392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/oby.70276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/oby.70276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.70276","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1930-7381","1930-739X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1930-7381","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-739X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}