{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:15:33Z","timestamp":1791587733685,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>When performing radiofrequency ablation for thyroid nodules, it is essential to avoid thermal injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This porcine animal model study used continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring to investigate the thermal safety parameters of thyroid radiofrequency ablation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Porcine animal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>University animal laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve piglets were tested at different radiofrequency power levels, and the real\u2010time electromyography signal changes were recorded under continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring. The spread heat study (8 piglets) included spontaneous recovery tests and cold water irrigation tests to investigate the safety distance from the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the active tip during 5\u2010second activation with standard stimulation patterns. The residual heat study (4 piglets) investigated the safety cooling durations by touching the recurrent laryngeal nerve with the tip after a 5\u2010second activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the spread heat study, substantial signal attenuation events were observed at an spread heat distance of 2, 3, 5, and 5\u2009mm when the power was set as 10, 20, 30, and 50\u2009W, respectively. No signal recovery could be observed in 20\u2009minutes with or without cold water irrigation in the injured recurrent laryngeal nerve area. The residual heat study shows the residual thermal effect of the tip is minimal, and no substantial signal attenuation event was observed at all experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This innovative study established the thermal safety parameters for radiofrequency ablation in a porcine model at various power levels, which can potentially assist operators in delineating a precise ablation field and providing effective thyroid ablation treatment safely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T05:04:59Z","timestamp":1728968699000},"page":"63-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation\u2010Thermal Effects on Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Using Continuous Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Animal 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