{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:29:19Z","timestamp":1787858959158,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopy is the gold\u2010standard diagnostic modality for many pediatric airway disorders but does not enable quantitative assessment of airway morphology. In a series of pediatric patients, we aim to demonstrate that structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry, a computer\u2010vision algorithm, can accurately reconstruct three\u2010dimensional (3D) models of laryngeal anatomy directly from bronchoscopy videos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective case series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary academic pediatric hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pediatric patients undergoing direct laryngoscopy\/bronchoscopy and same\u2010day neck and chest computed tomography (CT) as a part of clinical care were recruited. Optical calibration of the imaging system occurred after each bronchoscopy. SfM was used to reconstruct 3D surfaces from bronchoscopy videos. SfM\u2010reconstructed surfaces were compared against CT\u2010derived geometries to determine reconstruction accuracy at glottic and subglottic levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SfM reconstruction was successfully completed for all four patients. Circular equivalent diameter (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CE<\/jats:sub>) of cross\u2010sectional area slices measured from SfM\u2010reconstructed airways was highly accurate compared to <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CE<\/jats:sub> measured from the gold\u2010standard CT scans, with root mean squared error of 0.1, 0.375, and 0.225\u2009mm at the glottis, proximal subglottis, and distal subglottis subsites, respectively. This represents average percent errors of 2%, 4%, and 4%, for each site, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing laryngeal anatomy with high fidelity from SfM photogrammetry in a clinical series of pediatric patients. This reproducible method provides highly accurate anatomic models directly from endoscopy, enabling quantitative assessment without CT scanning and radiation exposure. This approach has the potential to impact many areas of otolaryngology, including virtual surgical planning, simulation, and family counseling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T02:19:11Z","timestamp":1744337951000},"page":"260-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Structure From Motion Reconstruction of the Pediatric Larynx: A Clinical Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5160-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Barbour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaunak N.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah F.","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth D.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Respiratory Biology and Therapeutics Seattle Children's Research Institute Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall A.","family":"Bly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaalan E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay R.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare M.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Phoenix Children's Hospital Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Aliseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-6-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02620-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3065104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","article-title":"Image\u2010based navigation for functional endoscopic sinus surgery using structure from motion","volume":"9784","author":"Leonard S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"WidyaAR MonnoY ImahoriK et al. 3D reconstruction of whole stomach from endoscope video using structure\u2010from\u2010motion. 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