{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T13:35:45Z","timestamp":1787664945010,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ankyloglossia and lingual frenotomy in young children and infants remains an area of debate, with a body of research with poor quality\u2014but increasing number\u2014of studies, a trend that has continued into the present day. To systematically review the published literature to identify the number, type, and quality of studies on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of ankyloglossia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses systematic review, a literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE was conducted in 2024 using keywords related to ankyloglossia and frenotomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies from 2017 to 2024 were assessed by two independent reviewers. Articles were included if they focused on ankyloglossia in children and in the English language.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 462 articles were included for full\u2010text extraction, of which cohort studies were the most common (179, 38.7%), and randomized controlled trials (RCTs; 13, 2.8%) were among the least common. Studies on different frenotomy techniques were common, despite no evidence suggesting that no intervention may be superior. There was an overall lack of study endpoints with objective measures such as breastfeeding duration or infant growth rates postprocedure. Despite the presence of several classification systems for ankyloglossia, none of those described in the literature focuses primarily on function as opposed to appearance or other factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review provides an update demonstrating the continued exponential rise of publications focused on ankyloglossia and lingual frenotomy without a rise in evidence clarifying the controversies surrounding these important topics. Future studies in this area should be quality RCTs with meaningful outcome measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T07:53:11Z","timestamp":1747209191000},"page":"324-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Systematic Review of Tongue Tie Publications: Exponential Rise in Publications Without Exponential Increase in Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8260-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie R.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8828-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily A.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Elise","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Health Sciences Centre Children's Hospital London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1993-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles A.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0636-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire M.","family":"Lawlor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820915457"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01239-y"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","article-title":"Treatment of ankyloglossia: a review","volume":"10","author":"Frezza A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3073"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","article-title":"Frenotomy for tongue\u2010tie in newborn infants","volume":"2021","author":"O'Shea JE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817690135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820925415"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","article-title":"Inside the booming business of cutting babies' tongues","author":"Thomas K","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.4211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0044"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"356","article-title":"A randomized trial to evaluate the effect of two topical anesthetics on pain response during frenotomy in young infants","volume":"18","author":"Shavit I","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211039784"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00531-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04608-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133783"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Frenotomy with breastfeeding support versus breastfeeding support alone for infants with tongue\u2010tie and breastfeeding difficulties: the FROSTTIE RCT","volume":"27","author":"Knight M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess (Rockv)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effectiveness of lingual frenectomy and myofunctional therapy for children: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Carminatti M","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Child (Chic)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-022-00701-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221087946"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evaluation of parental perceptions of lingual and labial frenectomy on their child: a comparison of CO2 laser and conventional scalpel","volume":"47","author":"Ginini JG","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-067605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.1696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003336"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03454-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005150"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","article-title":"Harmonic lingual frenotomy for ankyloglossia: a newer novel technique","volume":"14","author":"Mir MA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2019.1609141"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Use of high\u2010power lasers in pediatric dental surgeries: case reports","volume":"70","author":"Silva AS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-022-00481-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2016.0194"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","article-title":"Feeding issues in infants referred for frenotomy","volume":"16","author":"Rosi\u2010Schumacher M","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2022.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03578-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.11.014"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Does ankyloglossia interfere with breastfeeding in newborns? A cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Souza\u2010Oliveira AC","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.109985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2023.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2020.1849399"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Comparison between two protocols for ankyloglossia diagnosis in newborn babies","volume":"44","author":"Queiroz IQD","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.12.007"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tongue restriction questionnaire: a new screening tool to identify tongue\u2010tied patients","volume":"42","author":"Baxter R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202100019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-016-1452-7"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.1264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:47:33Z","timestamp":1760971653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ohn.1264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ohn.1264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.1264","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}