{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:19:32Z","timestamp":1784729972549,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to determine whether rigid autofluorescence imaging can differentiate cholesteatoma from surrounding tissues to reduce residual disease after cholesteatoma surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ex vivo proof\u2010of\u2010principle study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autofluorescence signals of cholesteatoma, mucosa, and bone were measured using confocal microscopy to confirm distinguishable spectral differences. Subsequently, rigid autofluorescence imaging with specific filter settings (<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009405\u2009nm and <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;\u2009570\u2009nm) was applied to 14 resected surgical specimens to obtain signal intensity and tissue\u2010specific fluorescence ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cholesteatoma matrix without keratin exhibited a significantly higher autofluorescence intensity compared to mucosa (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.03), with a cholesteatoma\u2010to\u2010mucosa ratio of 2.15. Similarly, autofluorescence intensity was elevated in the matrix with keratin (ratio: 2.25, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.03) and perimatrix with keratin (ratio: 2.29, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04) relative to mucosa. Perimatrix without keratin showed a nonsignificant trend (ratio: 1.85, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.06). Although cholesteatoma and bone showed no significant difference, this is clinically less relevant as bone is easily identifiable during surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rigid autofluorescence imaging demonstrates significant potential for improving cholesteatoma surgery by reliably differentiating cholesteatoma matrix, both with and without accumulated keratin, from mucosa, showing 2.25\u2010 and 2.15\u2010fold higher signal intensities, respectively. This technique could assist otologic surgeons in achieving more complete resections, thereby reducing residual disease rates while preserving surrounding structures. Future research should focus on optimizing the technology for in vivo application, particularly for detecting small cholesteatoma fragments, and further evaluate factors influencing specificity and sensitivity in clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T07:41:22Z","timestamp":1745566882000},"page":"461-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rigid Autofluorescence Imaging as a Tool for Identifying Cholesteatoma During Otologic Surgery: Initial Ex Vivo Findings"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Hylke F. E.","family":"van der Toom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette S.","family":"de Bruijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Jan","family":"Pauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senada","family":"Koljenovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Antwerp University Hospital Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjors","family":"Koppes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Keereweer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Incidence, etiology and pathogenesis of cholesteatoma in children","volume":"40","author":"Tos M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(98)70100-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950180801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215109992763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942011000300012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updates and knowledge gaps in cholesteatoma research","volume":"2015","author":"Kuo CL","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2017.3363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100123539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.3401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.28.6.066003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5030232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00299-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"78971T","volume-title":"Optical Interactions With Tissue and Cells XXII. 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