{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1780473878908,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to analyze airflow before and after slide tracheoplasty in a three\u2010dimensional (3D) printed model of congenital tracheal stenosis and to compare surgical techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparative anatomic and physiologic study using 3D printed trachea models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary children's hospital and mechanical engineering lab.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slide tracheoplasty was performed on 3D printed models of congenital tracheal stenosis using three variations of tracheal transection incision angle (90\u00b0, 45\u00b0 beveled superior to inferior, and 45\u00b0 beveled inferior to superior). Postoperative computed tomography scans were used for CFD analysis. Quasi\u2010steady simulations of peak inhalation and exhalation were run to calculate airway resistance, velocity, and energy dissipation. Statistical analysis was performed using one\u2010way analysis of variance and unpaired two\u2010tailed <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slide tracheoplasty was performed three times for each technique for nine total repaired tracheas. CFD simulations of each model at peak inhalation and exhalation were compared to preoperative controls. Slide tracheoplasty yielded reductions in all metrics postoperatively compared to preoperative controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) without differences between incision types (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05). During inhalation, airway resistance decreased by 1.33\u2009Pa\/(mL\/s) (62%, 95% CI: 1.26\u20101.39), maximum velocity by 7.23\u2009m\/s (36%, 95% CI: 6.20\u20108.26), and energy dissipation by 8.45\u2009mW (63%, 95% CI: 7.90\u20109.01). During exhalation, airway resistance decreased by 1.1\u2009Pa\/(mL\/s) (64%, 95% CI: 1.03\u20101.17), maximum velocity by 7.56\u2009m\/s (37%, 95% CI: 6.47\u20108.64), and energy dissipation by 8.45\u2009mW (61%, 95% CI: 8.87\u201010.80).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A beveled tracheal transection incision yields a longer postoperative trachea without compromising physiologic airflow improvements, therefore warrants consideration over a straight incision when choosing surgical technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.1330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T09:29:19Z","timestamp":1748856559000},"page":"998-1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Postoperative Airflow Changes in Slide Tracheoplasty Across Surgical Techniques Using Computational Fluid 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