{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:22:36Z","timestamp":1785900156230,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Falsehood and bias can have tangible effects, whether related to the \"hoax\" of Corona virus disease\/COVID\u201019 or the impact of personal protective equipment in city\u2010wide news. The spread of false information requires the diversion of time and resources into rebolstering the truth. Our objective is thus to elucidate types of bias that may influence our daily work, along with ways to mitigate them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Publications are included which delineate specific aspects of bias or address how to preempt, mitigate, or correct bias, whether conscious or unconscious.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We discuss: (1) the background and rationale for proactively considering potential sources of bias, (2) relevant definitions and concepts, (3) potential means to limit effects of inaccurate data sources, and (4) evolving frontiers in the management of bias. In doing so, we review epidemiological concepts and susceptibility to bias within study designs, including database studies, observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and meta\u2010analyses. We additionally discuss concepts such as the difference between disinformation and misinformation, differential or nondifferential misclassification, bias toward a null result, and unconscious bias, among others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have the means to mitigate sources of potential bias in database studies, observational studies, RCTs, and systematic reviews, beginning with education and awareness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>False information may spread faster than true information, so it is beneficial to understand potential sources of falsehood we face, in order to safeguard our daily impressions and decisions. Awareness of potential sources of falsehood and bias forms the foundation for accuracy in our everyday work.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T18:24:30Z","timestamp":1676658270000},"page":"1584-1595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evidence\u2010Based Medicine in Otolaryngology Part 14: Falsehood and Bias"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Pavan","family":"Mallur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhila","family":"Raol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adaobi","family":"Ahanotu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Maryland  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dany","family":"Suarez\u2010Goris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Oncology Dana Farber Cancer Institute  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory W.","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Center for Surgery and Public Health Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550620934692"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000098"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","unstructured":"SweetJ. Can disinformation be stopped?Harvard Magazine. June 9 2021. Accessed July 29 2022.https:\/\/www.harvardmagazine.com\/2021\/07\/features-disinformation"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","unstructured":"MyersSL ThompsonSA. Truth is another front in Putin's war.The New York Times.\u00a0March 20 2022. Accessed April 1 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/03\/20\/world\/asia\/russia-putin-propaganda-media.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization\/World Health Organization. COVID\u201019 factsheets: understanding the infodemic and misinformation in the fight against COVID\u201019. 2020. Accessed April 1 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/documents\/understanding-infodemic-and-misinformation-fight-against-covid-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29265"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305910"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0869"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WadmanM. Antivaccine activists use a government database on side effects to scare the public. Science Insider Health. May 26 2021. Accessed July 29 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/antivaccine-activists-use-government-database-side-effects-scare-public","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj6981"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25549"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617714579"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","unstructured":"Gallup Inc.\u00a0In U.S. percentage saying vaccines are vital dips slightly. March 6 2015. Accessed July 29 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/181844\/percentage-saying-vaccines-vital-dips-slightly.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.2001.9990256"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Mathematical Sociology","author":"Coleman JS","year":"1964"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","first-page":"487","article-title":"A note on the size of epidemics and the number of people hearing a rumour","volume":"28","author":"Cane VR","year":"1966","journal-title":"J\u00a0Roy\u00a0Stat\u00a0Soc\u00a0Ser\u00a0B Methodol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2982521"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","volume-title":"Stochastic Models for Social Processes","author":"Bartholomew DJ","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","volume-title":"Mathematical Modeling in Epidemiology","author":"Frauenthal JC","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","volume-title":"Improvised News","author":"Shibutani T","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004368811_003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60153-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315805887"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9737.003.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817728898"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12781"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa250"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29289"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1210-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819900487"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S4774"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","unstructured":"Catalog of Bias. Lead time bias. July 7 2021. Accessed April 17 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/catalogofbias.org\/biases\/lead-time-bias\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1025-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31829b1dbd"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.28111"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819838823"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.05.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f44abc"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195150780.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","unstructured":"LaMorphe WW. Selection bias in cohort studies. 2016. Accessed March 8 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/sphweb.bumc.bu.edu\/otlt\/mph-modules\/ep\/ep713_bias\/ep713_bias3.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267062"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2018.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820982639"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2228-7477.83520"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0226-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.2014.94.9.1208"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7259.504"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(12)74807-1","article-title":"P\u2010640\u2014the power of expectation bias","volume":"27","author":"Williams JB","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267534"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003821"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8519.00136"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8519.00078"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0801872"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08989629908573939"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/MB.S70416"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90072-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d7762"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1506"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","volume-title":"Everyday Bias: Identifying and Navigating Unconscious Judgments in Our Daily Lives","author":"Ross HJ","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32267-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-017-0179-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0550"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211032901"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211071020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998221076797"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.9.997"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4366"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.01452"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. QuickFacts United States. 2021. Accessed March 8 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/PST045221"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz214"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2016.6044"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2723"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0041"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28917"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34315"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TempletonK BernsteinCA SukheraJ et al.Gender\u2010based differences in burnout: issues faced by women physicians (NAM Perspect. 2019 Discussion Paper).National Academy of Medicine;2019.doi:10.31478\/201905a","DOI":"10.31478\/201905a"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6732a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002112"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2441-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17052"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data and statistics on sickle cell disease. May 2 2022. Accessed July 29 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/sicklecell\/data.html"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ohn.215","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:44:16Z","timestamp":1760971456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ohn.215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ohn.215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}