{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:45:52Z","timestamp":1789523152010,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the risk of hearing loss with regard to metformin exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taiwan's National Health Insurance database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 292,071 ever users and 18,200 never users of metformin with new\u2010onset diabetes mellitus from\u00a01999 to 2005 and followed them for hearing loss from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2011. Hazard ratios (HRs) weighted by propensity score were estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hearing loss was newly diagnosed in 10,085 ever users and 1072 never users. Their respective incidence rates (per 100,000 person\u2010years) were 738.09 and 1366.83. The HR\u00a0comparing ever\u2010to\u2010never users was 0.534 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.501\u20100.569]. The HR (95% CI) for the first (&lt;27.07 months), second (27.07\u201059.13 months), and third (&gt;59.13 months) tertiles of cumulative duration of metformin therapy were 0.912 (0.852\u20100.975), 0.544 (0.508\u20100.582), and 0.275 (0.255\u20100.295), respectively; and were 0.900 (0.841\u20100.962), 0.531 (0.496\u20100.569), and 0.293 (0.273\u20100.315), respectively, for the first (&lt;796.70\u2009g), second (796.70\u20102020.15\u2009g), and third (&gt;2020.15\u2009g) tertiles of cumulative dose. The magnitude of risk reduction became more remarkable in corresponding to the increasing tertiles of the defined daily dose prescribed. Subtype analyses suggested that the risk reduction was more significant for sensorineural than conductive hearing loss. Findings derived from a propensity score\u2010matched cohort did not substantially change the conclusions, and the risk reduction for mixed hearing loss was not statistically significant in the matched cohort as significantly observed in the unmatched cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of hearing loss is reduced in a dose\u2010response pattern in patients who use metformin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T14:26:24Z","timestamp":1674829584000},"page":"1389-1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Metformin Reduces the Risk of Hearing Loss: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin\u2010Hsiao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine,\u00a0Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes Zhunan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1616601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202012010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2649"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13872"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008860"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0431-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1549-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5161-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2019.102328"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814521013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"715","article-title":"Metformin attenuates the d\u2011galactose\u2011induced aging process via the UPR through the AMPK\/ERK1\/2 signaling pathways","volume":"45","author":"Cai H","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00417.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164119826292"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.739141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S196293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"ChangL.A Study of Validation on Comorbidity Derived From Claims Data. 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