{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:02:28Z","timestamp":1789704148833,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine if students with severe\u2010to\u2010profound hearing loss with cochlear implants (CIs) mainstream (transition to general education) more than students with hearing amplification at the population level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional secondary analysis of data from the National Center of Education Statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Special education (SpEd) students in the United States who had severe to profound \u201chearing impairment\u201d and were 6 to 16 years old at enrollment from 2000 to 2001.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We weighted the data to produce national estimates, performed multiple imputations for missingness, and built a multivariate linear regression model, which was cross\u2010validated with a multivariate Poisson regression model. We used a theory\u2010based approach to model\u2010building using a directed acyclic graph to identify the minimally sufficient adjustment set of variables, which included school district urbanicity, student's age when they started SpEd, other disabilities, home language, and caregiver education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 7267 students with CIs\u00a0and 28,794 students with hearing amplification. CI\u00a0users mainstreamed more than peers using hearing amplification during secondary school (40.29% less daily time in special education,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.004) but not during primary school (9.19% less daily time in SpEd,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.155). Additional significant predictors of mainstreaming varied between the primary and secondary school cohorts and included school district urbanicity and the student's age when they started SpEd.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CI\u00a0status predicts daily time spent in SpEd among a secondary school cohort. These findings do not establish causation. The National Center of Education Statistics should consider linking to clinical databases in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T04:50:23Z","timestamp":1677646223000},"page":"243-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Time Spent in Special Education Among Students With Severe\u2010to\u2010Profound Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherise","family":"Epstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0366-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"LizAnne","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Statistics, College of Education University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Statistics, College of Education University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington School of Medicine  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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