{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:40:24Z","timestamp":1793230824300,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The endoscopic and laryngoscopic examination is paramount for laryngeal, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, nasal, and oral cavity benign lesions and cancer evaluation. Nevertheless, upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) endoscopy is intrinsically operator\u2010dependent and lacks objective quality standards. At present, there has been an increased interest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications in this area to support physicians during the examination, thus enhancing diagnostic performances. The relative novelty of this research field poses a challenge both for the reviewers and readers as clinicians often lack a specific technical background.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four bibliographic databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A structured review of the current literature (up to September 2022) was performed. Search terms related to topics of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in UADT endoscopy and laryngoscopy were identified and queried by 3 independent reviewers. Citations of selected studies were also evaluated to ensure comprehensiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010one studies were included in the review. AI and computer vision techniques were used to achieve 3 fundamental tasks in this field: classification, detection, and segmentation. All papers were summarized and reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article comprehensively reviews the latest developments in the application of ML and DL in UADT endoscopy and laryngoscopy, as well as their future clinical implications. The technical basis of AI is also explained, providing guidance for nonexpert readers to allow critical appraisal of the evaluation metrics and the most relevant quality requirements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:50:12Z","timestamp":1681361412000},"page":"811-829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Artificial Intelligence for Upper Aerodigestive Tract Endoscopy and Laryngoscopy: A Guide for Physicians and State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Sampieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Functional Unit of Head and Neck Tumors Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Department Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Robotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Adeel","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Robotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4494-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI The BioRobotics Institute Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8511-9144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo S.","family":"Mattos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Robotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Vilaseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Unit of Head and Neck Tumors Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Department Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Head Neck Cli\u0301nic Age\u0300ncia de Gestio\u0301 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca Barcelona Catalunya Spain"},{"name":"Surgery and Medical\u2010Surgical Specialties Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Translational Genomics and Target Therapies in Solid Tumors Group, Faculty of Medicine Institut d\u0301Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Peretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ioppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC) University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1814259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320466"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HanifU KezirianE KiarEK MignotE SorensenHBD JennumP. 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