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Two independent authors screened the search results, extracted data, and assessed studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 686 studies were identified. After screening titles and abstracts, 325 full\u2010text studies were assessed for eligibility, and 78 studies were included in this systematic review. The studies originated from 16 countries. Among these countries, the top 3 were China (n\u2009=\u200929), Korea (n\u2009=\u20098), the United States, and Japan (n\u2009=\u20097 each). The most common area was otology (n\u2009=\u200935), followed by rhinology (n\u2009=\u200920), pharyngology (n\u2009=\u200918), and head and neck surgery (n\u2009=\u20095). Most applications of AI in otology, rhinology, pharyngology, and head and neck surgery mainly included chronic otitis media (n\u2009=\u20099), nasal polyps (n\u2009=\u20094), laryngeal cancer (n\u2009=\u200912), and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (n\u2009=\u20093), respectively. The overall performance of AI in accuracy, the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 88.39\u2009\u00b1\u20099.78%, 91.91\u2009\u00b1\u20096.70%, 86.93\u2009\u00b1\u200911.59%, and 88.62\u2009\u00b1\u200914.03%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art review aimed to highlight the increasing applications of image\u2010based AI in otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. The following steps will entail multicentre collaboration to ensure data reliability, ongoing optimization of AI algorithms, and integration into real\u2010world clinical practice. Future studies should consider 3\u2010dimensional (3D)\u2010based AI, such as 3D surgical AI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T04:05:19Z","timestamp":1686197119000},"page":"1132-1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Advances in Image\u2010Based Artificial Intelligence in Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0943-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingwu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Allergy The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou 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