{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:53:30Z","timestamp":1773708810888,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Validation of automated 2\u2010dimensional (2D) diameter measurements of vestibular schwannomas on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective validation study using 2 data sets containing MRIs of vestibular schwannoma patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>University Hospital in The Netherlands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two data sets were used, 1 containing 1 scan per patient (n\u2009=\u2009134) and the other containing at least 3 consecutive MRIs of 51 patients, all with contrast\u2010enhanced T1 or high\u2010resolution T2 sequences. 2D measurements of the maximal extrameatal diameters in the axial plane were automatically derived from a 3D\u2010convolutional neural network compared to manual measurements by 2 human observers. Intra\u2010 and interobserver variabilities were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), agreement on tumor progression using Cohen's kappa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human intra\u2010 and interobserver variability showed a high correlation (ICC: 0.98\u20100.99) and limits of agreement of 1.7 to 2.1\u2009mm. Comparing the automated to human measurements resulted in ICC of 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.974; 0.987) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.968; 0.984), with limits of agreement of 2.2 and 2.1\u2009mm for diameters parallel and perpendicular to the posterior side of the temporal bone, respectively. There was satisfactory agreement on tumor progression between automated measurements and human observers (Cohen's <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.77), better than the agreement between the human observers (Cohen's <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.74).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Automated 2D diameter measurements and growth detection of vestibular schwannomas are at least as accurate as human 2D measurements. In clinical practice, measurements of the maximal extrameatal tumor (2D) diameters of vestibular schwannomas provide important complementary information to total tumor volume (3D) measurements. Combining both in an automated measurement algorithm facilitates clinical adoption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T04:00:50Z","timestamp":1691553650000},"page":"1582-1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Automated 2\u2010Dimensional Measurement of Vestibular Schwannoma: Validity and Accuracy of an Artificial Intelligence Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5104-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf M.","family":"Neve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4634-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan 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