{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:38:11Z","timestamp":1788691091886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to explore the safety and feasibility of stellate ganglion blocks (SGBs) to treat persistent COVID\u201019\u2010induced olfactory dysfunction (OD). Secondarily, the goal was to determine effect sizes to plan a future randomized clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective case series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quaternary Care Academic Medical Center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this single\u2010arm pilot trial, adult participants with a COVID\u201019 diagnosis\u2009\u2265\u200912 months prior to enrollment with OD underwent bilateral SGBs. Subjects were followed for 1 month after completion of SGB. The primary outcome measure was the change in the Clinical Global Impression\u2010Improvement Scale for smell loss. Secondary outcome measures included changes in the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and Olfactory Dysfunction Outcomes Rating (ODOR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty participants were enrolled with a mean (SD) age of 46 (11) years and a mean (SD) duration of OD of 21 (5) months. At 1 month, 10 (50%) participants experienced at least slight subjective improvement in their OD, 11 (55%) attained a clinically meaningful improvement in smell identification using the UPSIT, and 7 (35%) achieved a clinically meaningful improvement in olfactory\u2010specific quality of life (QoL) measured by the ODOR. The median difference between UPSIT scores at baseline and 1 month was 6 (95% confidence interval: 3\u201011), exceeding the minimal clinically important difference of 4. There were no serious adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sequential SGBs for COVID\u201019\u2010associated OD were safe and associated with modest improvements in subjective olfaction, odor identification, and olfactory\u2010specific QoL. A placebo\u2010controlled trial is warranted to determine the efficacy of SGBs for COVID\u201019\u2010associated OD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T04:30:53Z","timestamp":1695702653000},"page":"272-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Stellate Ganglion Block for the Treatment of COVID\u201019\u2010Induced Olfactory Dysfunction: A Prospective Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Outcomes Research Office, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis St Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brevin J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical 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