{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:55:21Z","timestamp":1787892921066,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>Examine the association between sociodemographic factors and Individualized Education Program (IEP) establishment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design<\/jats:title>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Setting<\/jats:title>Tertiary referral center.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Participants included deaf or hard\u2010of\u2010hearing children who were eligible for an IEP with \u201cdeafness\u201d or \u201chard of hearing\u201d as a primary or secondary disability. Primary outcome measures were time intervals between initial referral for services and parental consent; parental consent to determination of eligibility; and initial referral to eligibility (the sum of the previous 2 intervals). Student's t<\/jats:italic> tests and linear regression were used to examine the association between sociodemographic factors and the primary outcome variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of the 88 participants, 51 (58%) were male, 45 (51%) were from underrepresented minority (URM) groups, 35 (40%) spoke a primary language other than English, and 53 (60%) utilized public insurance. IEP establishment was significantly delayed in participants who required an English\u2010language interpreter. Most of the delay occurred in the time between the initial referral and parental consent (mean: 115 vs 37 days, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02). There were also significant delays from the time of referral for services to eligibility in URM participants (mean: 159 vs 85 days, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04). Significant delays were also associated with Minority Status and Language within social vulnerability index percentile rankings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>This study found that IEP establishment was delayed in both URM participants and those who required an English\u2010language interpreter. These results highlight the importance of clear communication between the school system and caregivers in the IEP establishment process, particularly with families who require an English\u2010language interpreter or identify as URM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T06:58:02Z","timestamp":1695625082000},"page":"544-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sociodemographic Disparities in Educational Services in Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"170","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1272-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika M.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Eltawil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inderpreet Kaur","family":"Khalsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Manjarrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California\u2010San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihyun","family":"Stephans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California\u2010San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California\u2010San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"World Report on Hearing","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.962893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"IDEA. Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. 2015. Accessed April 7 2023.https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/about-idea\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education. Deaf Students Education Services; Policy guidance. August 26 2020. Accessed April 7 2023.https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/hq9806.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"California Legislative Information. California Education Code 56043. 2014. Accessed August 4 2023.https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=56043.&lawCode=EDC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"California Legislative Information. California Education Code 56341. 2007. Accessed August 4 2023.https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=EDC§ionNum=56341"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.1161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-021-02338-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"AHRQ. National Healthcare Quality & Disparities Reports. 2023. Accessed April 7 2023.https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/research\/findings\/nhqrdr\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198602000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(97)01506-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1895G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3330-y"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:22:20Z","timestamp":1760970140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ohn.539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ohn.539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.539","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}