{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:44:58Z","timestamp":1785534298513,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction is a \u201ccanary in the coalmine\u201d for aging conditions. We evaluated olfactory dysfunction as a biomarker of early frailty in older adults living in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, longitudinal, nationally representative study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined data from 1061 community\u2010dwelling older US adults. Odor identification (5\u2010item Sniffin' Stick) and frailty scores were measured at baseline and 5\u2010year follow\u2010up. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated the association between olfactory dysfunction and frailty at baseline in cross\u2010section and over time in the transition from robust to prefrail to frail, adjusting for confounding factors measured at baseline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older US adults who were anosmic at baseline were more likely to be frail 5 years later compared to normosmic peers (odds ratio [OR]: 3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10\u201013.31, <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2009<\/jats:italic>.035). Examining changes in frailty stage over time, we found that anosmics were more likely to transition from prefrail to frail over 5 years (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.31\u20108.08, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.011). Interestingly, hyposmics did not show a similar trajectory toward frailty (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05). In contrast, olfactory dysfunction was not associated with frailty in cross\u2010section (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.43\u20101.89, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.787, hyposmia; OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.15\u20103.35, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.673, anosmia).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older US adults with anosmia face higher odds of becoming frail over 5 years, especially those in the prefrail stage. Olfactory dysfunction may serve as a surrogate marker for early\u2010stage neurodegenerative diseases, which are strong contributors to frailty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T05:14:08Z","timestamp":1714022048000},"page":"261-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining the Longitudinal Relationship Between Olfactory Dysfunction and Frailty in Community\u2010Dwelling, older US Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-4386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker School of Medicine The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Wroblewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha K.","family":"McClintock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Institute for Mind and Biology The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah J.","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Geriatrics and Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine The University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant M.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology The University of Chicago Medicine Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33330-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Ageing and health. 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