{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T09:35:43Z","timestamp":1764322543591,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates and compares the readability of pediatric otolaryngology patient education materials generated by ChatGPT4o and those retrieved from Google searches. The goal is to determine whether artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010generated content improves accessibility compared to institutionally affiliated online resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional readability analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online educational materials focused on pediatric otolaryngology topics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Educational articles covering 10 pediatric otolaryngology conditions were sourced either via Google search or generated using ChatGPT4o. All texts were standardized by removing extraneous formatting. Readability was assessed using six validated metrics: Flesch\u2010Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Gunning\u2010Fog Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Coleman\u2010Liau Index, and Automated Readability Index (ARI). Statistical comparisons were performed using paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests or Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests to evaluate differences in scores between sources.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ChatGPT4o\u2010generated content demonstrated significantly higher FKGL, Gunning\u2010Fog, ARI, and SMOG scores and lower FRES scores compared to Google\u2010sourced materials, indicating greater complexity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). These differences were most pronounced for simpler conditions such as allergic rhinitis and otitis externa. For more complex topics like laryngomalacia and cleft lip and palate, readability scores were not significantly different between the two sources (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT4o\u2010generated patient education materials are generally more difficult to read than Google\u2010sourced content, especially for less complex conditions. Given the importance of readability in patient education, AI\u2010generated materials may require further refinement to improve accessibility without compromising accuracy. Enhancing clarity could increase the utility of AI tools for educating parents and caregivers in pediatric otolaryngology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:52:20Z","timestamp":1756205540000},"page":"1478-1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Readability of Pediatric Otolaryngology Information: Comparing AI\u2010Generated Content With Google Search Results"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"173","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8908-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Carnino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Rampam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Puyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean G.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31820"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221092356","article-title":"Readability of patient educational materials in sports medicine","volume":"10","author":"OD T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03441-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2023.0696"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-10720-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00826-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Appropriateness and readability of Google Bard and ChatGPT\u20103.5 generated responses for surgical treatment of glaucoma","volume":"68","author":"Ichhpujani P","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373521998847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/atr.18161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Hello GPT\u20104o. OpenAI.https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/hello-gpt-4o\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812442783"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198105277329"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897-008-9181-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03476-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1477898"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.70011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T09:31:26Z","timestamp":1764322286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ohn.70011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ohn.70011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.70011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0194-5998"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-6817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}