{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:09:27Z","timestamp":1792516167276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate classification of salivary gland tumors is critical to guiding appropriate management. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence models in classifying salivary gland tumors on ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search of CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus was conducted through January 28, 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses guidelines. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence in classifying salivary gland tumors were included for fixed and random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies\u20102 tool for systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies was used to assess study quality and risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 741 articles identified, 12 studies (N\u2009=\u20094721) met inclusion criteria. Nine studies evaluated artificial intelligence models differentiating benign from malignant tumors, and three studies assessed classification of pleomorphic adenomas versus Warthin tumors. For benign versus malignant tumors, sensitivity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), specificity was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80, 0.92), and accuracy was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.90). For pleomorphic adenomas versus Warthin tumors, sensitivity was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.89), specificity was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.95), and accuracy was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.90).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence models demonstrate strong diagnostic accuracy in ultrasound\u2010based classification of salivary gland tumors. These results highlight the potential of artificial intelligence as a diagnostic tool, though broader validation is needed before routine clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T20:06:19Z","timestamp":1767557179000},"page":"601-612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classification of Salivary Gland Tumors on Ultrasound Using Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3733-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle J.","family":"Chau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"},{"name":"New York Medical College School of Medicine Valhalla New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory Hyun\u2010su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Nova Southeastern University\u2013College of Osteopathic Medicine Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun A.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2700-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren R.","family":"McCray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Murdaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4700-360X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason G.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041236"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tjem.tjem_182_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000353863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201708-1678ST"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.252163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2021.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2024.111509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16213702"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2023.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88459-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58467-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57970-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74305-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92325-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1383323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15204918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-109171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2009.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"HowickJ ChalmersI GlasziouP et al. Explanation of the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence\u2010Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence (Background Document)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"BorensteinM HedgesLV HigginsJPT RothsteinHR.Introduction to Meta\u2010Analysis. Wiley;2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00377-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12277-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2024.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1384105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Diagnostic value of ultrasound\u2010based deep learning in differentiating parotid gland tumors","volume":"2022","author":"Wang Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1417330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1337631"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2024.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10719-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113515865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14368"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2301725"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.70102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ohn.70102","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ohn.70102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T16:03:51Z","timestamp":1786032231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ohn.70102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ohn.70102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ohn.70102","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}