{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:24:16Z","timestamp":1777987456151,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recently, conductive hearing loss (CHL) has been associated with dementia in two large independent cohorts. However, the disease\u2010specific association with dementia is unknown. We investigate the association of specific CHL pathologies and dementia in a large national cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional epidemiologic study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NIH All of Us Research Program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were \u226518 years old (n\u2009=\u2009396,194). The exposures were CHL pathologies defined by ICD\u201010 code: cholesteatoma (H71.X), tympanic membrane (TM) perforation (H72.X), and otosclerosis (H80.X). The outcome was all\u2010cause dementia defined by ICD\u201010 codes (F01, F03, G30\u201032). The odds of dementia in subjects with and without a CHL pathology were assessed with multivariable regression including age, sex, education, race, and ethnicity. Additional analyses included treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean (SD) age was 55 years (\u00b117). After controlling for covariates, the odds of dementia were 1.77 times (1.08\u20102.73;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.015) higher for cholesteatoma compared to those without, 2.09 times (1.68\u20102.59;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) higher for TM perforation, and were nonsignificant for otosclerosis. After adding surgical treatment, odds of dementia dropped to 1.40 (0.82\u20102.27;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.198) for cholesteatoma and 2.01 (1.60\u20102.50;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) for TM perforation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholesteatoma and TM perforation were associated with dementia in the All of Us Research Program. Treatment attenuates these relationships. Given the general implausibility for dementia to cause these CHL pathologies, reverse causation\u2014that dementia causes hearing loss\u2014is an unlikely explanation for the association. This study adds to the evidence that cognition is impacted by sensory deprivation but extends to correctable conductive causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:14:01Z","timestamp":1771262041000},"page":"1065-1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conductive Hearing Loss Pathologies are Associated With Dementia in the All of Us Research Program"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"S. Dillon","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,\u202fNew York\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center 180 Fort Washington Avenue, HP8 New York 10032 New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah N. W.","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,\u202fNew York\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center 180 Fort Washington Avenue, HP8 New York 10032 New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren H.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,\u202fNew York\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center 180 Fort Washington Avenue, HP8 New York 10032 New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Denham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,\u202fNew York\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center 180 Fort Washington Avenue, HP8 New York 10032 New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Gurgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Utah\u2010School of Medicine 50 North Medical Drive, SOM 3C120 Salt Lake City 84132 Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons,\u202fNew York\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center 180 Fort Washington Avenue, HP8 New York 10032 New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.2513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121004114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2018.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2559-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1616601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9001662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00619"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Hearing loss in adults: differential diagnosis and treatment","volume":"100","author":"Michels TC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.786383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Dementia. 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