{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:49:48Z","timestamp":1791798588070,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review and meta\u2010analyze the clinical effectiveness of self\u2010fitting over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) hearing aids compared with professionally fitted devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 510(k) and De Novo databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched in March 2025 and updated in August 2025. Reference lists were screened, and manufacturers were contacted for unpublished data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two reviewers conducted screening, full\u2010text review, and risk\u2010of\u2010bias assessment. Eligible studies were field trials comparing FDA\u2010cleared self\u2010fitting OTC hearing aids or software with audiologist\u2010fitted prescription devices in adults. A random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis using Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      was performed. Risk of bias was evaluated with RoB 2 and ROBINS\u2010I, and certainty of evidence with GRADE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 712 records, 24 were included, representing 15 unique studies with 774 participants (739 analyzed). Most were short\u2010term field trials (10 days to 8 weeks) comparing self\u2010fitting and professional fittings of the same device. Pooled analyses showed no significant differences between groups for the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.05; 95% CI, \u22120.19 to 0.09), Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale \u2013 12 (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01; 95% CI, \u22120.33 to 0.36), International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.12; 95% CI, \u22120.35 to 0.59), and Quick Speech\u2010in\u2010Noise test (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03; 95% CI, \u22120.22 to 0.28). Risk of bias was moderate to high, and certainty of evidence was low.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based largely on patient\u2010reported measures, self\u2010fitting OTC hearing aids provide outcomes comparable to professionally fitted devices. Larger, independent trials within standard clinical pathways are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:17:58Z","timestamp":1781709478000},"page":"761-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of Over\u2010the\u2010Counter Hearing Aids Versus Professionally Fitted Devices: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Karina C.","family":"De Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology and Audiology University of Pretoria Pretoria Gauteng South Africa"},{"name":"Virtual Hearing Lab Collaborative Initiative Between the University of Colorado and the University of Pretoria Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Almufarrij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology and Audiology University of Pretoria Pretoria Gauteng South Africa"},{"name":"Virtual Hearing Lab Collaborative Initiative Between the University of Colorado and the University of Pretoria Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinaya","family":"Manchaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology and Audiology University of Pretoria Pretoria Gauteng South Africa"},{"name":"Virtual Hearing Lab Collaborative Initiative Between the University of Colorado and the University of Pretoria Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"UCHealth Hearing and Balance University of Colorado Hospital Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Speech and Hearing Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK"},{"name":"Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De Wet","family":"Swanepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language Pathology and Audiology University of Pretoria Pretoria Gauteng South Africa"},{"name":"Virtual Hearing Lab Collaborative Initiative Between the University of Colorado and the University of Pretoria Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.868673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2025.1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165231157255","article-title":"Factors influencing hearing help\u2010seeking and hearing aid uptake in adults: a systematic review of the past decade","volume":"27","author":"Knoetze M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","article-title":"Survey details OTC self\u2010fitting hearing aid users' experiences, perceptions","author":"Pasquesi L","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hear Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713810385712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2012\/12-0028)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_AJA-16-0135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 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