{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:49:41Z","timestamp":1791798581152,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Otolaryngologists have provided gender\u2010affirming care to transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals for many years, but demand for these services has recently increased substantially as visibility of TGNC communities grows. Furthermore, attention to gender\u2010affirming care in general has sharpened as TGNC individuals' access to healthcare has entered the political sphere. We sought to compile evidence regarding gender\u2010affirming care within otolaryngology, and to review novel surgical and nonsurgical advancements for the treatment of TGNC patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were sought from clinical peer\u2010reviewed primary literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Searches were conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus. Clinical studies reporting outcomes of gender\u2010affirming interventions, and studies investigating demand for and\/or difficulty accessing gender\u2010affirming otolaryngologic care were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty\u2010three studies met inclusion criteria. TGNC individuals indicate strong desire for gender\u2010affirming therapies for the face and voice, while access remains limited by cost, lack of insurance coverage, and few qualified providers. Surgical interventions for the face and voice have shown objective improvements (ie, vocal frequency and measurements of facial dimensions, respectively), and resulted in high patient\u2010rated satisfaction as measured by validated patient\u2010reported outcome measures and quality of life evaluations, especially for facial and vocal feminization. Non\u2010surgical interventions for the voice have also demonstrated objective and subjective efficacy, alone or in combination with surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender\u2010affirming care in otolaryngology can make demonstrable improvements in the quality of life and social function of TGNC individuals. Given this evidence, otolaryngologists can and should continue to advance gender\u2010affirming head and neck care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1782922777000},"page":"825-838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gender\u2010Affirming Care in Otolaryngology: A State of the Art Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac L.","family":"Alter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons New York\u2010Presbyterian\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Rameau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Sean Parker Institute for the Voice Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AJ","family":"Flaherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Facial Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Virginia Mason Medical Center Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erynne A.","family":"Faucett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of California Davis School of Medicine Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Kaiser Permanente California Oakland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3184-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Nuyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Laryngology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA"},{"name":"LGBTQ+ Health Program Stanford Health Care Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Understanding Transgender People: The Basics. 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