{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:49:33Z","timestamp":1791798573493,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate the role of TNF receptor\u2010associated factor 6 (\n                      <jats:italic>TRAF6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), interleukin 1 receptor\u2010associated kinase 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>IRAK1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and miR\u2010146a\u20105p expression levels in the pathogenesis of recurrent tonsillitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mu\u011fla Training and Research Hospital, a tertiary referral center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 60 pediatric patients (aged 2\u201318 years) who underwent tonsillectomy according to American Academy of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery guidelines. 30 patients with recurrent tonsillitis were compared with 30 patients with tonsillar hypertrophy. Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, recent steroid use, PFAPA syndrome, or asymmetric hypertrophy were excluded. Right palatine tonsil tissues were collected intraoperatively, and the mid\u2010portion was analyzed. Expression levels of\n                      <jats:italic>TRAF6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IRAK1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and miR\u2010146a\u20105p were quantified using real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR). In silico analyses evaluated related molecular pathways and target gene interactions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>TRAF6<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IRAK1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA levels were significantly increased in the recurrent tonsillitis group compared with controls (fold change: 1.64 and 1.43;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.043 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.034, respectively), whereas miR\u2010146a\u20105p expression was significantly decreased (2.17\u2010fold;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.012). Bioinformatic analysis identified nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB), interleukin\u20101 (IL\u20101), and Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways.\n                      <jats:italic>TRAF6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IRAK1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , TLR4, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), IL\u20106, and chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) were identified as potential miR\u2010146a\u20105p targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest dysregulation of the\n                      <jats:italic>TRAF6<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>IRAK1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013miR\u2010146a\u20105p axis in recurrent tonsillitis. While miR\u2010146a\u20105p may represent a potential target within TLR\/NF\u2010\u03baB\u2013related pathways its therapeutic relevance remains speculative and requires validation through functional and translational studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:31:58Z","timestamp":1786365118000},"page":"926-936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering the Inflammatory Network in Pediatric Recurrent Tonsillitis: The Role of\n                    <i>TRAF6<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>IRAK1<\/i>\n                    , and miR\u2010146a\u20105p"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7221-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer 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