{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:46:31Z","timestamp":1792241191227,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is understood about the efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies against sinonasal malignancies (SN) or their immunologic profiles. This review summarizes key immune markers within SN tumors and underscores known data on the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases were searched from database inception to present to identify studies on SN malignancies, including SN squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCCa), adenocarcinoma (SNAC), undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC), and olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), their immune profiles, and immunotherapy efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Included studies were those that either investigated the tumor immune profile (cellular or molecular) or reported findings following the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Two separate teams of two reviewers performed dual, independent screening and full\u2010text review of 675 studies, with 52 included in the final analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti\u2010programmed cell death protein\u20101 (PD\u20101) immunotherapy is the most investigated immune checkpoint inhibitor against SN malignancies. Checkpoint inhibitor efficacy showed the most promise for SNSCCa with comparatively few studies in SNAC, SNUC, and ONB. The prognostic value of tumor\u2010infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) density and programmed death ligand\u20101 (PD\u2010L1) expression vary greatly between SN tumor subtypes. TILs, not PD\u2010L1 expression, most consistently correlate with survival in SNSCCa, SNAC, and SNUC. ONBs are predominantly immune\u2010cold.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SN tumor rarity and heterogeneity limits research in immunotherapy efficacy and prognostic biomarkers. Multi\u2010institutional research endeavors aimed at evaluating both checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and the SN tumor immune microenvironment are essential in advancing SN tumor management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:00:57Z","timestamp":1792238457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Profiles and Immunotherapy Efficacy in Sinonasal Malignancies: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ayad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Scientists Duke University Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin 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