{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T20:06:58Z","timestamp":1789589218883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory function is influenced by nasal airflow dynamics and anatomical variations within the nasal cavity. This narrative review evaluates how nasal anatomy and airflow relate to olfactory outcomes, with a particular focus on olfactory changes following functional nasal surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive review was performed by searching the PubMed database for English\u2010language publications from 2000 to 2025. Search terms included: \u201colfaction,\u201d \u201csense of smell,\u201d \u201cnasal airflow,\u201d \u201cnasal anatomy,\u201d \u201cnasal obstruction,\u201d \u201cseptoplasty,\u201d and \u201cfunctional septorhinoplasty.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural abnormalities such as a deviated nasal septum or a narrow internal nasal valve can impair olfactory function by altering nasal airflow patterns and limiting odorant access to the olfactory cleft. Functional nasal surgery, including septoplasty and functional septorhinoplasty, can modify these anatomical constraints and is frequently associated with improvements in psychophysical olfactory scores and patient\u2010reported smell. While most patients report an improved olfactory function following nasal surgery, outcomes are still variable. Patient\u2011specific factors, surgical techniques, and differences in subjective and psychophysical outcome measures likely contribute to variability in olfactory performance after surgery and are not yet fully understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving nasal airflow through functional nasal surgery can be associated with enhanced olfaction in patients with anatomical obstruction. Understanding airflow\u2010olfaction relationships can aid surgical planning and patient counseling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.70434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:49:44Z","timestamp":1789588184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Nasal Anatomy, Airflow, and Surgery With Olfactory Outcomes: A State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1033-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London (UCL) Medical School London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso Luca","family":"Pendolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"},{"name":"Ear Institute University College London (UCL) London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Pappalardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London (UCL) Mechanical Engineering London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ear Institute University College London (UCL) London UK"},{"name":"Department of ENT Royal National ENT &amp; Eastman Dental Hospitals London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870170065015","article-title":"Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center","volume":"117","author":"Deems DA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s40136-016-0120-6","article-title":"The epidemiology of olfactory disorders","volume":"4","author":"Yang J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420946254","article-title":"The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the general population: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"35","author":"Desiato VM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21319","article-title":"What is normal nasal airflow? 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